Síndrome multisistémico inflamatorio pediátrico asociado al COVID-19
Palabras clave:
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Enfermedad Inflamatoria Multisistémica, Pediatría.
Resumen
La infección por COVID-19 en pediatría se manifiesta con una afección grave e inusual denominada Síndrome Inflamatorio Multisistémico (SIM). En particular, en el cuadro sindrómico ocasionado por la COVID-19 en los pacientes pediátricos resultan menos frecuentes las complicaciones graves en comparación con pacientes adultos. Cabe destacar, que las infecciones respiratorias complicadas se asocian a un SIM post infección con evidentes secuelas. En particular, e objetivo de la presente revisión bibliográfica fue analizar el comportamiento del SIM pediátrico asociado al COVID-19. Se efectuó una búsqueda bibliográfica de artículos incluidos en las bases de datos PubMed y Elsevier, en el periodo 2020-2023. Se identificaron en la búsqueda inicial 53 referencias y luego de aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión el número se redujo a un total de 39 artículos. Uno de los principales puntos de discusión se ha centrado en que los pacientes pediátricos con COVID-19 presentaron menor cantidad de hospitalizaciones en comparación con los adultos. Sin embargo, en los casos que requirieron hospitalización presentaron características similares como enfermedad de Kawasaki y síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda, llegando incluso a ingresar a UCI. En particular, es necesario establecer medidas de diagnóstico y terapia en una etapa temprana para identificar precozmente casos de shock que deben ingresarse a UCIP. En definitiva, el manejo multidisciplinario resulta fundamental para su resolución, monitoreo y seguimiento a de esta entidad de la pediatría.
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1. Naranjo YA, Farfán Cortés AYAA, García Henao JP, Arango Slingsby C, Saldarriaga Rivera LM. Síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico en niños con COVID-19: una visión desde la reumatología. Rev Colomb Reumatol. 2021;28(4):289-99. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcreu.2020.09.005
2. Howard-Jones AR, Bowen AC, Danchin M, Koirala A, Sharma K, Yeoh DK, et al. COVID-19 in children: I. Epidemiology, prevention and indirect impacts. J Paediatr Child Health [Internet]. 2022;58(1):39–45. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34643307/
3. Alsohime F, Temsah MH, Al-Nemri AM, Somily AM, Al-Subaie S. COVID-19 infection prevalence in pediatric population: Etiology, clinical presentation, and outcome. J Infect Public Health [Internet]. 2020;13(12):1791–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33127335/
4. Chatziparasidis G, Kantar A. COVID-19 in Children with Asthma. Lung [Internet]. 2021;199(1):7–12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-021-00419-9
5. Paucar CG, Ivo LM. Manifestaciones bucales del síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico pediátrico asociadas a la COVID-19 [Internet]. Vol. 4, Revista Cubana de estomatologia. BMJ Publishing Group; 2021 [cited 2023 May 5]. Available from: http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/est/v58n4/1561-297X-est-58-04-e3837.pdf
6. Kabeerdoss J, Pilania RK, Karkhele R, Kumar TS, Danda D, Singh S. Severe COVID-19, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, and Kawasaki disease: immunological mechanisms, clinical manifestations and management. Rheumatol Int [Internet]. 2021;41(1):19–32. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-020-04749-4
7. Cosín-Sales J, Ortiz Cortés C, Barrios V, Gámez JM. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the sanitary assistance of atrial fibrillation in Spain. REC CardioClinics [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Apr 19]; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RCCL.2023.03.005
8. Statista. Número acumulado de casos de coronavirus en el mundo desde el 22 de enero de 2020 hasta el 3 de mayo de 2023 [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 5]. Available from: https://es.statista.com/estadisticas/1104227/numero-acumulado-de-casos-de-coronavirus-covid-19-en-el-mundo-enero-marzo/
9. Giraldo-Alzate C, Tamayo-Múnera C, López-Barón E, Caicedo-Baez MC, Piñeres-Olave BE. Síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico en niños asociado a COVID-19. Revisión narrativa de la literatura a propósito de un caso. Acta Colomb Cuid Intensivo [Internet]. Available from: https://doi.org 10.1016/j.acci.2020.11.002
10. PAHO. Cumulative confirmed and probable COVID-19 cases reported [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 5]. Available from: https://ais.paho.org/phip/viz/COVID19Table.asp
11. Satué Gracia EM, Vila Córcoles Á. COVID-19 prognostic indicators in Primary Care. Aten Primaria [Internet]. 2022 Jul 1 [cited 2023 Apr 19];54(7). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APRIM.2022.102308
12. Expansion.com. Ecuador - COVID-19 - Crisis del coronavirus [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 5]. Available from: https://datosmacro.expansion.com/otros/coronavirus/ecuador
13. Rodríguez Kibrik J, Cazalas ME, Petrillo ML, Guiñazú GG, Moros C, Choe HJ, et al. Sindrome inflamatorio multisistémico en pediatría: importancia de la evaluación inicial de los parámetros de laboratorio. Rev Argent Cardiol [Internet]. 2023 Feb 23 [cited 2023 May 5];91(1):49–54. Available from: https://rac.sac.org.ar/index.php/rac/article/view/43
14. Zamora M, Zamora V, Rodriguez M, Alatorre E, Nuñez J. Síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria multisistémica asociado a COVID-19 en población pediátrica. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 May 5];2:224–8. Available from: https://biblat.unam.mx/hevila/RevistaMedicadelInstitutoMexicanodelSeguroSocial/2020/vol58/Supl%202/10.pdf
15. Tzoulis P. Prevalence, prognostic value, pathophysiology, and management of hyponatraemia in children and adolescents with covid-19. Acta Biomedica [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 May 5];92(5). Available from: https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v92i5.12330
16. Montaño-Luna VE, Miranda-Novales MG. Update on clinical management of COVID -19 in pediatric patients: After a year of pandemic. Revista Mexicana de Pediatria [Internet]. 2021 Jan 1 [cited 2023 May 5];88(1):31–45. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35366/99417
17. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression [Internet]. Vol. 395, The Lancet. Lancet Publishing Group; 2020 [cited 2023 May 5]. p. 1033–4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0
18. Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics and intauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. The Lancet [Internet]. 2020 Mar 7 [cited 2023 May 5];395(10226):809–15. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3
19. Christian Renzo Aquino-Canchari, Luis Máximo Villanueva-Zúñiga. Síndrome de Kawasaki en población pediátrica durante la pandemia por la COVID-19: realidad o mito. Rev Cubana Pediatr [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 May 5];1196. Available from: http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/ped/v92s1/1561-3119-ped-92-s1-e1169.pdf
20. Patricia Márquez-Aguirre M, Gutiérrez-Hernández A, Lizárraga-López SL, Mireya Muñoz-Ramírez C, Ventura-Gómez ST, María P, et al. Clinical spectrum of COVID-19 in the pediatric patient. Acta Pediatrica Mexicana [Internet]. 2020;64–71. Available from: www.actapediatrica.org.mx
21. Pellegrino R, Chiappini E, Licari A, Galli L, Marseglia GL. Prevalence and clinical presentation of long COVID in children: a systematic review [Internet]. Vol. 181, European Journal of Pediatrics. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; 2022 [cited 2023 May 5]. p. 3995–4009. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-022-04600-x
22. Calvo C, Tagarro A, Méndez Echevarría A, Fernández Colomer B, Albañil Ballesteros MR, Bassat Q, et al. COVID-19 pandemic. What have we learned? An Pediatr (Engl Ed) [Internet]. 2021 Nov 1 [cited 2023 May 5];95(5):382.e1-382.e8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2021.09.006
23. Soto GP. Bases Genéticas y Moleculares del COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). Mecanismos de Patogénesis y de Respuesta Inmune Genetic and Molecular Basis of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Imnune [Internet]. Vol. 14, Int. J. Odontostomat. 2020 [cited 2023 May 5]. Available from: https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-381X2020000300331
24. Lin J, Harahsheh AS, Raghuveer G, Jain S, Choueiter NF, Garrido-Garcia LM, et al. Emerging Insights Into the Pathophysiology of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Associated With COVID-19 in Children. Canadian Journal of Cardiology [Internet]. 2023 Jan [cited 2023 May 5]; Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9824951/
25. Wong-Chew RM, Noyola DE, Villa AR. Clinical characteristics and mortality risk factors in patients aged less than 18 years with COVID-19 in Mexico and Mexico City. An Pediatr (Engl Ed) [Internet]. 2022 Aug 1 [cited 2023 May 5];97(2):119–28. Available from: https://www.analesdepediatria.org/es-caracteristicas-clinicas-factores-riesgo-mortalidad-articulo-S1695403321002691
26. Fernández G, Acosta J. Síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico asociado a COVID-19 en pacientes pediátricos. Sapienza: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies [Internet]. 2022 Apr 30 [cited 2023 May 5];3(2):38–56. Available from: https://journals.sapienzaeditorial.com/index.php/SIJIS/article/view/306
27. Álvarez APL, Urdiales ACS, Vélez IPC, Melan BP, Carreño MAA, Fajardo IG. Covid-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Revista Latinoamericana de Hipertension [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 May 5];15(2):168–72. Available from: https://zenodo.org/record/5514078#.ZFaBpHbMLIU
28. Andrés Y, Arango N, Yamit A, Ariff A, Cortés F, Pablo J, et al. Multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children with COVID-19: A rheumatology perspective. Revista Colombiana de Reumatologia [Internet]. 2021; Available from: https://www.ins.gov.co/Noticias/Paginas/Coronavirus.aspx
29. Gottlieb M, Bridwell R, Ravera J, Long B. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children with COVID-19 [Internet]. Vol. 49, American Journal of Emergency Medicine. W.B. Saunders; 2021 [cited 2023 May 5]. p. 148–52. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8185530/
30. Ulloa-Gutiérrez R, Ivankovich-Escoto G, Yamazaki-Nakashimada MA. Síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico asociado a COVID-19 en niños y adolescentes: un llamado al diagnóstico. Rev Chil infectología [Internet]. 2020;37(3):199–201. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4067/s0716-10182020000300199
31. Parisi GF, Indolfi C, Decimo F, Leonardi S, Miraglia del Giudice M. Neumonía por COVID-19 en niños: De su etiología a su manejo. Kompass Neumología [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 May 5];3(2):46–51. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8089434/
32. AEMPS, EMA. Inmunoglobulina humana inespecífica intravenosa (IGIV). Asociacion Española de Pediatria [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 May 5]; Available from:https://www.aeped.es/comitemedicamentos/pediamecum/inmunoglobulina-humana-inespecifica-intravenosa-igiv
33. García-Salido A, Antón J, Martínez-Pajares JD, Giralt-García G, Gómez-Cortés B, Tagarro A et al. Diagnóstico, estabilización y tratamiento del síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico pediátrico vinculado a SARS-CoV-2 (SIM-PedS). Rev Latin Infect Pediatr. 2021; 34 (1): 6-16. https://dx.doi. org/10.35366/99821
34. Aep.sim-peds.v1.pdf [Internet]. [citado 2 de mayo de 2023]. Available from: https://www.aeped.es/sites/default/files/aep.sim-peds.v1.pdf
35. Peng YD, Meng K, Guan HQ, Leng L, Zhu RR, Wang BY, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of 112 cardiovascular disease patients infected by 2019-nCoV. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi [Internet]. 2020 Jun 24 [cited 2023 May 3];48(6):450–5. Available from: https://rs.yiigle.com/CN112148202006/1202885.htm
36. Carod-Artal FJ. Post-COVID-19 syndrome: Epidemiology, diagnostic criteria and pathogenic mechanisms involved. Rev Neurol [Internet]. 2021 Jun 1 [cited 2023 May 5];72(11):384–96. Available from: https://neurologia.com/articulo/2021230
37. Neto FJ de C, Loiola BM, Rodrigues VES, Sousa LRM, Negreiros AL. Outcomes and Clinical Characteristics of People with Obesity and Covid-19: Integrative Review. Enfermeria Global [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 May 5];20(3):569–80. Available from: https://revistas.um.es/eglobal/article/view/461101
38. Leon JR, Vaca L. El Covid-19 en El Ecuador, una mirada desde el enfoque de la gestión de Riesgos. Geopauta [Internet]. 2021 Mar 31 [cited 2023 May 5];5(1):26–37. Available from: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=574365255002
39. Uranga A, Villanueva A, Lafuente I, González N, Legarreta MJ, Aguirre U, et al. Risk factors for clinical deterioration in patients admitted for COVID-19: A case-control study. Rev Clin Esp [Internet]. 2022 Jan 1 [cited 2023 May 5];222(1):22–30. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8141782/
2. Howard-Jones AR, Bowen AC, Danchin M, Koirala A, Sharma K, Yeoh DK, et al. COVID-19 in children: I. Epidemiology, prevention and indirect impacts. J Paediatr Child Health [Internet]. 2022;58(1):39–45. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34643307/
3. Alsohime F, Temsah MH, Al-Nemri AM, Somily AM, Al-Subaie S. COVID-19 infection prevalence in pediatric population: Etiology, clinical presentation, and outcome. J Infect Public Health [Internet]. 2020;13(12):1791–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33127335/
4. Chatziparasidis G, Kantar A. COVID-19 in Children with Asthma. Lung [Internet]. 2021;199(1):7–12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-021-00419-9
5. Paucar CG, Ivo LM. Manifestaciones bucales del síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico pediátrico asociadas a la COVID-19 [Internet]. Vol. 4, Revista Cubana de estomatologia. BMJ Publishing Group; 2021 [cited 2023 May 5]. Available from: http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/est/v58n4/1561-297X-est-58-04-e3837.pdf
6. Kabeerdoss J, Pilania RK, Karkhele R, Kumar TS, Danda D, Singh S. Severe COVID-19, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, and Kawasaki disease: immunological mechanisms, clinical manifestations and management. Rheumatol Int [Internet]. 2021;41(1):19–32. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-020-04749-4
7. Cosín-Sales J, Ortiz Cortés C, Barrios V, Gámez JM. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the sanitary assistance of atrial fibrillation in Spain. REC CardioClinics [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Apr 19]; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RCCL.2023.03.005
8. Statista. Número acumulado de casos de coronavirus en el mundo desde el 22 de enero de 2020 hasta el 3 de mayo de 2023 [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 5]. Available from: https://es.statista.com/estadisticas/1104227/numero-acumulado-de-casos-de-coronavirus-covid-19-en-el-mundo-enero-marzo/
9. Giraldo-Alzate C, Tamayo-Múnera C, López-Barón E, Caicedo-Baez MC, Piñeres-Olave BE. Síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico en niños asociado a COVID-19. Revisión narrativa de la literatura a propósito de un caso. Acta Colomb Cuid Intensivo [Internet]. Available from: https://doi.org 10.1016/j.acci.2020.11.002
10. PAHO. Cumulative confirmed and probable COVID-19 cases reported [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 5]. Available from: https://ais.paho.org/phip/viz/COVID19Table.asp
11. Satué Gracia EM, Vila Córcoles Á. COVID-19 prognostic indicators in Primary Care. Aten Primaria [Internet]. 2022 Jul 1 [cited 2023 Apr 19];54(7). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APRIM.2022.102308
12. Expansion.com. Ecuador - COVID-19 - Crisis del coronavirus [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 5]. Available from: https://datosmacro.expansion.com/otros/coronavirus/ecuador
13. Rodríguez Kibrik J, Cazalas ME, Petrillo ML, Guiñazú GG, Moros C, Choe HJ, et al. Sindrome inflamatorio multisistémico en pediatría: importancia de la evaluación inicial de los parámetros de laboratorio. Rev Argent Cardiol [Internet]. 2023 Feb 23 [cited 2023 May 5];91(1):49–54. Available from: https://rac.sac.org.ar/index.php/rac/article/view/43
14. Zamora M, Zamora V, Rodriguez M, Alatorre E, Nuñez J. Síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria multisistémica asociado a COVID-19 en población pediátrica. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 May 5];2:224–8. Available from: https://biblat.unam.mx/hevila/RevistaMedicadelInstitutoMexicanodelSeguroSocial/2020/vol58/Supl%202/10.pdf
15. Tzoulis P. Prevalence, prognostic value, pathophysiology, and management of hyponatraemia in children and adolescents with covid-19. Acta Biomedica [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 May 5];92(5). Available from: https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v92i5.12330
16. Montaño-Luna VE, Miranda-Novales MG. Update on clinical management of COVID -19 in pediatric patients: After a year of pandemic. Revista Mexicana de Pediatria [Internet]. 2021 Jan 1 [cited 2023 May 5];88(1):31–45. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35366/99417
17. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression [Internet]. Vol. 395, The Lancet. Lancet Publishing Group; 2020 [cited 2023 May 5]. p. 1033–4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0
18. Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics and intauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. The Lancet [Internet]. 2020 Mar 7 [cited 2023 May 5];395(10226):809–15. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3
19. Christian Renzo Aquino-Canchari, Luis Máximo Villanueva-Zúñiga. Síndrome de Kawasaki en población pediátrica durante la pandemia por la COVID-19: realidad o mito. Rev Cubana Pediatr [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 May 5];1196. Available from: http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/ped/v92s1/1561-3119-ped-92-s1-e1169.pdf
20. Patricia Márquez-Aguirre M, Gutiérrez-Hernández A, Lizárraga-López SL, Mireya Muñoz-Ramírez C, Ventura-Gómez ST, María P, et al. Clinical spectrum of COVID-19 in the pediatric patient. Acta Pediatrica Mexicana [Internet]. 2020;64–71. Available from: www.actapediatrica.org.mx
21. Pellegrino R, Chiappini E, Licari A, Galli L, Marseglia GL. Prevalence and clinical presentation of long COVID in children: a systematic review [Internet]. Vol. 181, European Journal of Pediatrics. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; 2022 [cited 2023 May 5]. p. 3995–4009. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-022-04600-x
22. Calvo C, Tagarro A, Méndez Echevarría A, Fernández Colomer B, Albañil Ballesteros MR, Bassat Q, et al. COVID-19 pandemic. What have we learned? An Pediatr (Engl Ed) [Internet]. 2021 Nov 1 [cited 2023 May 5];95(5):382.e1-382.e8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2021.09.006
23. Soto GP. Bases Genéticas y Moleculares del COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). Mecanismos de Patogénesis y de Respuesta Inmune Genetic and Molecular Basis of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Imnune [Internet]. Vol. 14, Int. J. Odontostomat. 2020 [cited 2023 May 5]. Available from: https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-381X2020000300331
24. Lin J, Harahsheh AS, Raghuveer G, Jain S, Choueiter NF, Garrido-Garcia LM, et al. Emerging Insights Into the Pathophysiology of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Associated With COVID-19 in Children. Canadian Journal of Cardiology [Internet]. 2023 Jan [cited 2023 May 5]; Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9824951/
25. Wong-Chew RM, Noyola DE, Villa AR. Clinical characteristics and mortality risk factors in patients aged less than 18 years with COVID-19 in Mexico and Mexico City. An Pediatr (Engl Ed) [Internet]. 2022 Aug 1 [cited 2023 May 5];97(2):119–28. Available from: https://www.analesdepediatria.org/es-caracteristicas-clinicas-factores-riesgo-mortalidad-articulo-S1695403321002691
26. Fernández G, Acosta J. Síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico asociado a COVID-19 en pacientes pediátricos. Sapienza: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies [Internet]. 2022 Apr 30 [cited 2023 May 5];3(2):38–56. Available from: https://journals.sapienzaeditorial.com/index.php/SIJIS/article/view/306
27. Álvarez APL, Urdiales ACS, Vélez IPC, Melan BP, Carreño MAA, Fajardo IG. Covid-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Revista Latinoamericana de Hipertension [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 May 5];15(2):168–72. Available from: https://zenodo.org/record/5514078#.ZFaBpHbMLIU
28. Andrés Y, Arango N, Yamit A, Ariff A, Cortés F, Pablo J, et al. Multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children with COVID-19: A rheumatology perspective. Revista Colombiana de Reumatologia [Internet]. 2021; Available from: https://www.ins.gov.co/Noticias/Paginas/Coronavirus.aspx
29. Gottlieb M, Bridwell R, Ravera J, Long B. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children with COVID-19 [Internet]. Vol. 49, American Journal of Emergency Medicine. W.B. Saunders; 2021 [cited 2023 May 5]. p. 148–52. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8185530/
30. Ulloa-Gutiérrez R, Ivankovich-Escoto G, Yamazaki-Nakashimada MA. Síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico asociado a COVID-19 en niños y adolescentes: un llamado al diagnóstico. Rev Chil infectología [Internet]. 2020;37(3):199–201. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4067/s0716-10182020000300199
31. Parisi GF, Indolfi C, Decimo F, Leonardi S, Miraglia del Giudice M. Neumonía por COVID-19 en niños: De su etiología a su manejo. Kompass Neumología [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 May 5];3(2):46–51. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8089434/
32. AEMPS, EMA. Inmunoglobulina humana inespecífica intravenosa (IGIV). Asociacion Española de Pediatria [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 May 5]; Available from:https://www.aeped.es/comitemedicamentos/pediamecum/inmunoglobulina-humana-inespecifica-intravenosa-igiv
33. García-Salido A, Antón J, Martínez-Pajares JD, Giralt-García G, Gómez-Cortés B, Tagarro A et al. Diagnóstico, estabilización y tratamiento del síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico pediátrico vinculado a SARS-CoV-2 (SIM-PedS). Rev Latin Infect Pediatr. 2021; 34 (1): 6-16. https://dx.doi. org/10.35366/99821
34. Aep.sim-peds.v1.pdf [Internet]. [citado 2 de mayo de 2023]. Available from: https://www.aeped.es/sites/default/files/aep.sim-peds.v1.pdf
35. Peng YD, Meng K, Guan HQ, Leng L, Zhu RR, Wang BY, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of 112 cardiovascular disease patients infected by 2019-nCoV. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi [Internet]. 2020 Jun 24 [cited 2023 May 3];48(6):450–5. Available from: https://rs.yiigle.com/CN112148202006/1202885.htm
36. Carod-Artal FJ. Post-COVID-19 syndrome: Epidemiology, diagnostic criteria and pathogenic mechanisms involved. Rev Neurol [Internet]. 2021 Jun 1 [cited 2023 May 5];72(11):384–96. Available from: https://neurologia.com/articulo/2021230
37. Neto FJ de C, Loiola BM, Rodrigues VES, Sousa LRM, Negreiros AL. Outcomes and Clinical Characteristics of People with Obesity and Covid-19: Integrative Review. Enfermeria Global [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 May 5];20(3):569–80. Available from: https://revistas.um.es/eglobal/article/view/461101
38. Leon JR, Vaca L. El Covid-19 en El Ecuador, una mirada desde el enfoque de la gestión de Riesgos. Geopauta [Internet]. 2021 Mar 31 [cited 2023 May 5];5(1):26–37. Available from: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=574365255002
39. Uranga A, Villanueva A, Lafuente I, González N, Legarreta MJ, Aguirre U, et al. Risk factors for clinical deterioration in patients admitted for COVID-19: A case-control study. Rev Clin Esp [Internet]. 2022 Jan 1 [cited 2023 May 5];222(1):22–30. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8141782/
Publicado
2023-07-29
Cómo citar
1.
Herrera Jaramillo MI, Sisalima Hualpa SY. Síndrome multisistémico inflamatorio pediátrico asociado al COVID-19. PFR [Internet]. 29 de julio de 2023 [citado 21 de noviembre de 2024];8(2). Disponible en: https://practicafamiliarrural.org/index.php/pfr/article/view/276
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Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0.
