Arbovirosis endemicas y epidemicas en Ecuador
Resumen
Los arbovirus son virus transmitidos por artrópodos que incluyen muchos virus de preocupación para la salud pública que se encuentran en Ecuador. El virus del dengue, el virus de la fiebre amarilla y el virus Zika están en la familia Flaviridae (1), mientras que el virus chikungunya y el virus Mayaro están en la familia Togaviridae (1). La fiebre amarilla ha circulado por los trópicos desde al menos el siglo XVII, con el primer brote registrado en América Latina en 1647 (2), y el virus se identificó en 1927 (3). El virus del dengue es también una fuente de brotes globales desde hace mucho tiempo y se identificó en 1943 (4). El dengue tiene cuatro serotipos de virus (DENV 1-4), lo que permite la infección repetida de individuos. Chikungunya, Zika y Mayaro se identificaron como causas de enfermedad febril más recientemente: el virus Zika se aisló de un mono en 1947 en Uganda (5), el virus chikungunya durante un brote en el sudeste de África en 1952 (1) y el virus Mayaro de un paciente en Trinidad en 1954 (6). Chikungunya tiene cuatro genotipos: este / centro / sur de África, África occidental, Océano Índico y asiático (1), mientras que Zika tiene dos linajes genéticos: asiático y africano (7). Ecuador es susceptible a la introducción de arbovirus transmitidos por varios mosquitos vectores bien establecidos o recientemente introducidos y, por lo tanto, ha experimentado múltiples y repetidas introducciones de estas enfermedades. De estos, en la actualidad, solo la fiebre amarilla tiene una vacuna ampliamente disponible y autorizada.
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3. Gardner CL, Ryman KD. Yellow Fever: A Reemerging Threat. Clin Lab Med. 2010 Mar;30(1):237–60.
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2. Newson LA. Highland-lowland contrasts in the impact of Old World diseases in early colonial Ecuador. Soc Sci Med 1982. 1993 May;36(9):1187–95.
3. Gardner CL, Ryman KD. Yellow Fever: A Reemerging Threat. Clin Lab Med. 2010 Mar;30(1):237–60.
4. Brathwaite Dick O, San Martín JL, Montoya RH, del Diego J, Zambrano B, Dayan GH. The History of Dengue Outbreaks in the Americas. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Oct 3;87(4):584–93.
5. Dick GW, Kitchen SF, Haddow AJ. Zika virus. Isolations and serological specificity. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1952 Sep;46(5):509–20.
6. Halsey ES, Siles C, Guevara C, Vilcarromero S, Jhonston EJ, Ramal C, et al. Mayaro virus infection, Amazon Basin region, Peru, 2010-2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013 Nov;19(11):1839–42.
7. Cevallos V, Ponce P, Waggoner JJ, Pinsky BA, Coloma J, Quiroga C, et al. Zika and Chikungunya virus detection in naturally infected Aedes aegypti in Ecuador. Acta Trop. 2018 Jan;177:74–80.
8. Maucourant C, Petitdemange C, Yssel H, Vieillard V. Control of Acute Arboviral Infection by Natural Killer Cells. Viruses. 2019 31;11(2).
9. Ponce P, Morales D, Argoti A, Cevallos VE. First Report of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), the Asian Tiger Mosquito, in Ecuador. J Med Entomol. 2018 Jan 10;55(1):248–9.
10. Kamal M, Kenawy MA, Rady MH, Khaled AS, Samy AM. Mapping the global potential distributions of two arboviral vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus under changing climate. PloS One. 2018;13(12):e0210122.
11. Silva LA, Dermody TS. Chikungunya virus: epidemiology, replication, disease mechanisms, and prospective intervention strategies. J Clin Invest. 127(3):737–49.
12. Patterson J, Sammon M, Garg M. Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya: Emerging Arboviruses in the New World. West J Emerg Med. 2016 Nov;17(6):671–9.
13. Izurieta RO, Macaluso M, Watts DM, Tesh RB, Guerra B, Cruz LM, et al. Hunting in the Rainforest and Mayaro Virus Infection: An emerging Alphavirus in Ecuador. J Glob Infect Dis. 2011 Oct;3(4):317–23.
14. Plourde AR, Bloch EM. A Literature Review of Zika Virus. Emerg Infect Dis J [Internet]. 2016;22(7). Available from: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/22/7/15-1990
15. Messina JP, Brady OJ, Scott TW, Zou C, Pigott DM, Duda KA, et al. Global spread of dengue virus types: mapping the 70 year history. Trends Microbiol. 2014 Mar;22(3):138–46.
16. Normile D. Safety concerns derail dengue vaccination program. Science. 2017 Dec 22;358(6370):1514–5.
17. Zambrano H, Waggoner JJ, Almeida C, Rivera L, Benjamin JQ, Pinsky BA. Zika Virus and Chikungunya Virus CoInfections: A Series of Three Cases from a Single Center in Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg [Internet]. 2016 Jul 11; Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27402518
18. Stewart-Ibarra AM, Ryan SJ, Kenneson A, King CA, Abbott M, Barbachano-Guerrero A, et al. The Burden of Dengue Fever and Chikungunya in Southern Coastal Ecuador: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, and Phylogenetics from the First Two Years of a Prospective Study. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018 May;98(5):1444–59.
19. MSP. Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores: Ecuador, SE 1-23/2019. Subsistema de Vigilancia SIVE-Alerta; 2019.
20. CDC. Chikungunya Virus: Symptoms & Treatment [Internet]. 2018. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/symptoms/index.html
21. CDC. Dengue: Symptoms [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/symptoms/index.html
22. Acosta-Ampudia Y, Monsalve DM, Rodríguez Y, Pacheco Y, Anaya J-M, Ramírez-Santana C. Mayaro: an emerging viral threat? Emerg Microbes Infect [Internet]. 2018 Sep 26 [cited 2020 May 26];7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6156602/
23. CDC. Yellow Fever: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/symptoms/index.html
24. Kleinert RD. Yellow fever: integrating current knowledge with technological innovations to identify strategies for controlling a re-emerging virus. Viruses. 2019;11:960.
25. CDC. Zika Virus: Symptoms [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/symptoms.html
26. MSP. Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores: Ecuador, SE 1-52/2019. Subsistema de Vigilancia SIVE-Alerta; 2020.
27. MSP. Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores: Ecuador, SE 01-14-2020. Subsistema de Vigilancia SIVE-Alerta; 2020.
28. Pinault LL, Hunter FF. Malaria in highlands of Ecuador since 1900. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012 Apr;18(4):615–22.
29. Gubler DJ. Dengue, urbanization and globalization: the unholy trinity of the 21st century. Trop Med Health. 2011;39(Suppl 4):3–11.
30. Stewart-Ibarra AM, Lowe R. Climate and non-climate drivers of dengue epidemics in southern coastal ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013 May;88(5):971–81.
31. Paniz-Mondolfi AE, Villamil-Gómez WE, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Usutu virus infection in Latin America: A new emerging threat. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2016 Dec;14(6):641–3.
32. PAHO. Outbreak of Venezuelan equine Encephalitis, 1995. Pan American Health Organization; 1995 p. 16(4). (Epidemiological Bulletin).
33. Aguilar PV, Estrada-Franco JG, Navarro-Lopez R, Ferro C, Haddow AD, Weaver SC. Endemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in the Americas: hidden under the dengue umbrella. Future Virol. 2011;6(6):721–40.
34. Manock SR, Jacobsen KH, de Bravo NB, Russell KL, Negrete M, Olson JG, et al. Etiology of acute undifferentiated febrile illness in the Amazon basin of Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009 Jul;81(1):146–51.
35. Sakkas H, Bozidis P, Franks A, Papadopoulou C. Oropouche Fever: A Review. Viruses. 2018 04;10(4).
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Publicado
2020-07-31
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1.
Sippy R, Lippi C, Stewart A, Ryan S. Arbovirosis endemicas y epidemicas en Ecuador. PFR [Internet]. 31 de julio de 2020 [citado 21 de noviembre de 2024];5(2). Disponible en: https://practicafamiliarrural.org/index.php/pfr/article/view/165
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