Desafíos para la salud global post- covid: resistencia bacteriana
Palabras clave:
Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana, Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple, Farmacorresistencia Viral, infección.
Resumen
Existen microorganismos que pueden presentar mutaciones importantes en su ADN, las cuales les permiten adaptarse y evadir la inmunidad innata de los huéspedes, así como presentar resistencia a varios fármacos que tenemos disponibles en la actualidad. Algunas estrategias se han propuesto para disminuir y retrasar la aparición de bacterias multi-resistentes que tienen un impacto a nivel mundial, en Ecuador específicamente se han detectado microorganismos resistentes en distintas localidades hospitalarias y rurales, siendo E.coli la más reportada hasta el momento. Es necesario tomar medidas preventivas e invertir en vigilancia epidemiológica para frenar el indiscriminado uso de antibióticos en humanos y en animales, y hay que prestar atención a la interacción de la resistencia antimicrobiana con otras epidemias o pandemias como el COVID-19, ya que durante este tiempo ha habido un aumento en el uso de antibióticos para tratar infecciones respiratorias. Más estudios respecto a este impacto son necesarios ya que al momento no disponemos de datos suficientes que evidencien la magnitud de este efecto.
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Citas
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3. Domingo S, Gustavo Domínguez H, Cevallos V. Instituto Nacional de Investigacion en Salud Publica reporte de datos de resistencia a los antimicrobianos en Ecuador 2014-2018 [Internet]. Gob.ec. [citado el 4 de julio de 2022]. Disponible en:https://www.salud.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/gaceta_ram2018.pdf
4. Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador, Plan Nacional para la prevención y control de la resistencia antimicrobiana; Quito, Viceministerio de Gobernanza y Vigilancia de la Salud, 2019, Gob.ec. [citado el 4 Jul 2022]. Disponible en: https://www.salud.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Plan-Nacional-para-la-prevenci%C3%B3n-y-control-de-la-resistencia-antimicrobiana_2019_compressed.pdf
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2013. Disponible en: www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat‐report‐2013/index.html [citado el 16 Marzo 2016].
6. The Lancet. Urgently needed: new antibiotics. Lancet [Internet]. 2009;374(9705):1868. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62076-6
7. Smith, R., & Coast, J. (2013). The true cost of antimicrobial resistance. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 346(mar11 3), f1493. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f1493
8. O'Neill J, Davies S, Rex J, White LJ, Murray R. Antimicrobial resistance: tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations. Disponible en: https://amr-review.org/sites/default/files/AMR%20Review%20Paper%20-%20Tackling%20a%20crisis%20for%20the%20health%20and%20wealth%20of%20nations_1.pdf [Citado el: 10 Agosto 2022].
9. Spellberg, B., Bartlett, J. G., & Gilbert, D. N. (2013). The future of antibiotics and resistance. The New England Journal of Medicine, 368(4), 299–302. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1215093
10. Van Boeckel TP, Gandra S, Ashok A, Caudron Q, Grenfell BT, Levin SA, et al. Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2014;14(8):742‐50.
11. Adriaenssens, N., Coenen, S., Versporten, A., Muller, A., Minalu, G., Faes, C., Vankerckhoven, V., Aerts, M., Hens, N., Molenberghs, G., Goossens, H., & ESAC Project Group. (2011). European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC): outpatient quinolone use in Europe (1997-2009). The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 66 Suppl 6(suppl_6), vi47-56. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkr457
12. Public Health England. UK One Health Report. Joint report on human and animal antibiotic use, sales and resistance, 2013. Disponible en: www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/447319/One_Health_Report_July2015.pdf [Citado el 13 Junio 2016].
13. Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care (ACSQHC). AURA 2016: First Australian report on antimicrobial use and resistance in human health. www.safetyandquality.gov.au/publications/aura‐2016‐first‐australian‐report‐on‐antimicrobial‐use‐and‐resistance‐in‐human‐health/ [Citado el 20 Abril 2017].
14. Chung, A., Perera, R., Brueggemann, A. B., Elamin, A. E., Harnden, A., Mayon-White, R., Smith, S., Crook, D. W., & Mant, D. (2007). Effect of antibiotic prescribing on antibiotic resistance in individual children in primary care: prospective cohort study. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 335(7617), 429. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39274.647465.BE
15. Malhotra‐Kumar S, Lammens C, Coenen S, Van Herck K, Goossens H. Effect of azithromycin and clarithromycin therapy on pharyngeal carriage of macrolide‐resistant streptococci in healthy volunteers: a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Lancet 2007;369(9560):482‐90.
16. Costelloe, C., Metcalfe, C., Lovering, A., Mant, D., & Hay, A. D. (2010). Effect of antibiotic prescribing in primary care on antimicrobial resistance in individual patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 340(may18 2), c2096. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c2096
17. Huttner, A., Harbarth, S., Carlet, J., Cosgrove, S., Goossens, H., Holmes, A., Jarlier, V., Voss, A., & Pittet, D. (2013). Antimicrobial resistance: a global view from the 2013 World Healthcare-Associated Infections Forum. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 2(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-2994-2-31
18. O'Neill J, Davies S, Rex J, White LJ, Murray R. Antimicrobial resistance: tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations. Disponible en: review.org/sites/default/files/AMR%20Review%20Paper%20%20Tackling%20a%20crisis%20for%20the%20health%20and%20wealth%20of%20nations_1.pdf [Citado el 20 Abril 2017].
19. O’Neill J, Chair. Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations. London, UK: Review on Antimicrobial Resistance; 2016; p. 1-84.
20. Tonkin-Crine SKG, Tan PS, van Hecke O, Wang K, Roberts NW, McCullough A, et al. Clinician-targeted interventions to influence antibiotic prescribing behaviour for acute respiratory infections in primary care: an overview of systematic reviews. Cochrane Libr [Internet]. 2017 [citado el 4 de julio 2022]; 2019(9). Disponible en: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012252.pub2/full/es
21. Costelloe, C., Metcalfe, C., Lovering, A., Mant, D., & Hay, A. D. (2010). Effect of antibiotic prescribing in primary care on antimicrobial resistance in individual patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 340(may18 2), c2096. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c2096
22. Goossens H, Ferech M, Vander Stichele R, Elseviers M, ESAC Project Group. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross‐national database study. Lancet 2005;365(9459):579‐87.
23. Gulliford, M. C., Dregan, A., Moore, M. V., Ashworth, M., van Staa, T., McCann, G., Charlton, J., Yardley, L., Little, P., & McDermott, L. (2014). Continued high rates of antibiotic prescribing to adults with respiratory tract infection: survey of 568 UK general practices. BMJ Open, 4(10), e006245. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006245
24. Shapiro, D. J., Hicks, L. A., Pavia, A. T., & Hersh, A. L. (2014). Antibiotic prescribing for adults in ambulatory care in the USA, 2007-09. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 69(1), 234–240. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkt301
25. Davey P, Marwick CA, Scott CL, Charani E, McNeil K, Brown E, et al. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2017 [citado el 4 de julio 2022]; 2(2):CD003543. Disponible en: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003543.pub4/full/es
26. Simor, A. E. (2001). Containing methicillin-resistant S aureus. Surveillance, control, and treatment methods. Postgraduate Medicine, 110(4), 43–48; quiz 11. https://doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2001.10.1043
27. Herwaldt, L. A. (1999). Control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the hospital setting. The American Journal of Medicine, 106(5A), 11S-18S; discussion 48S-52S. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(98)00350-7
28. Graffunder, E. M., & Venezia, R. A. (2002). Risk factors associated with nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection including previous use of antimicrobials. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 49(6), 999–1005. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkf009
29. Safdar, N., & Maki, D. G. (2002). The commonality of risk factors for nosocomial colonization and infection with antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus, gram-negative bacilli, Clostridium difficile, and Candida. Annals of Internal Medicine, 136(11), 834–844. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-136-11-200206040-00013
30. Health Statistics Quarterly 2013. Deaths involving MRSA: England and Wales, 2008 to 2012. [citado el 8 de julio 2022] Disponible en: file:///C:/Users/Miranda/Downloads/Deaths%20involving%20MRSA%202008%20to%202012.pdf
31. Vista de PREVALENCIA DE Escherichia coli-ST131 PRODUCTORAS DE BLEE EN AISLADOS DE BACTERIEMIAS DESDE 2009 AL 2018 [Internet]. Gob.ec. [citado el 8 de agosto 2022]. Disponible en: https://revistaecuadorescalidad.agrocalidad.gob.ec/revistaecuadorescalidad/index.php/revista/article/view/95/253
32. Gaus D, Larco D. La epidemiologia microbiológica de una unidad rural de cuidados intensivos en Ecuador. Práct fam rural [Internet]. 2021 [citado el 8 de agosto 2022];6(1). Disponible en: https://practicafamiliarrural.org/index.php/pfr/article/view/191
33. Monitoreo local de resistencia a los antibióticos en Escherichia Coli en una zona rural de Ecuador: más allá del modelo biomédico. Disponible en:http://file:///R:/Medicos/Downloads/80-Texto%20del%20art%C3%ADculo-874-1-10-20211030.pdf [citado el 8 de agosto 2022]
34. Gurny R, Möller M. Editorial. Evolución de la resistencia a los antibióticos en una zona rural de Ecuador. Eur J Pharm Biopharm [Internet]. 2013 [citado el 8 de agosto 2022]; 83(1):1. Disponible en: https://practicafamiliarrural.org/index.php/pfr/article/download/144/177?inline=1
35. Cosgrove, S. E., Sakoulas, G., Perencevich, E. N., Schwaber, M. J., Karchmer, A. W., & Carmeli, Y. (2003). Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a meta-analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 36(1), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/345476
36. Hughes C, Tunney M, Bradley MC. Infection control strategies for preventing the transmission of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in nursing homes for older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2013;2013(11):CD006354. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006354.pub4
37. Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. (n.d.). Who.int. [Citado el 4 de Julio 2022], Disponible en: https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
38. Langford BJ, So M, Raybardhan S, Leung V, Soucy J-P, Westwood D, Daneman N, MacFadden DR (2021) Antibiotic prescribing in patients with COVID-19: rapid review and meta-analysis Clinical Microbiology and Infection 1:18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.12.018
39. Sproston, N. R., & Ashworth, J. J. (2018). Role of C-reactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection. Frontiers in Immunology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00754
40. Langford BJ, So M, Raybardhan S, Leung V, Westwood D, MacFadden DR, Soucy JR, Daneman N (2020) Bacterial co-infection and secondary infection in patients with COVID-19: a living rapid review and meta-analysis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 26:1622–1629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.016
41. Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez B, Salamanca, E de Cueto M, et al, Effect of appropriate combination therapy on mortality of patients with bloodstream infections due to carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (INCREMENT): a retrospective cohort study The Lancet Infectious Diseases 17:726–734. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30228-1
42. Clancy, C. J., Buehrle, D. J., & Nguyen, M. H. (2020). PRO: The COVID-19 pandemic will result in increased antimicrobial resistance rates. JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance, 2(3), dlaa049. https://doi.org/10.1093/jacamr/dlaa049
43. Knight GM, Glover RE, McQuaid CF, Olaru ID, Gallandat K, Leclerc QJ, et al. Antimicrobial resistance and COVID-19: Intersections and implications. Elife [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Jul 4];10. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.64139
2. Ware L. Apocalypse now: antimicrobial resistance [Internet]. Evidently Cochrane. 2017 [citado el 4 de julio de 2022]. Disponible en: https://www.evidentlycochrane.net/apolcalypse-now-antimicrobial-resistance/
3. Domingo S, Gustavo Domínguez H, Cevallos V. Instituto Nacional de Investigacion en Salud Publica reporte de datos de resistencia a los antimicrobianos en Ecuador 2014-2018 [Internet]. Gob.ec. [citado el 4 de julio de 2022]. Disponible en:https://www.salud.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/gaceta_ram2018.pdf
4. Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador, Plan Nacional para la prevención y control de la resistencia antimicrobiana; Quito, Viceministerio de Gobernanza y Vigilancia de la Salud, 2019, Gob.ec. [citado el 4 Jul 2022]. Disponible en: https://www.salud.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Plan-Nacional-para-la-prevenci%C3%B3n-y-control-de-la-resistencia-antimicrobiana_2019_compressed.pdf
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2013. Disponible en: www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat‐report‐2013/index.html [citado el 16 Marzo 2016].
6. The Lancet. Urgently needed: new antibiotics. Lancet [Internet]. 2009;374(9705):1868. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62076-6
7. Smith, R., & Coast, J. (2013). The true cost of antimicrobial resistance. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 346(mar11 3), f1493. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f1493
8. O'Neill J, Davies S, Rex J, White LJ, Murray R. Antimicrobial resistance: tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations. Disponible en: https://amr-review.org/sites/default/files/AMR%20Review%20Paper%20-%20Tackling%20a%20crisis%20for%20the%20health%20and%20wealth%20of%20nations_1.pdf [Citado el: 10 Agosto 2022].
9. Spellberg, B., Bartlett, J. G., & Gilbert, D. N. (2013). The future of antibiotics and resistance. The New England Journal of Medicine, 368(4), 299–302. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1215093
10. Van Boeckel TP, Gandra S, Ashok A, Caudron Q, Grenfell BT, Levin SA, et al. Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2014;14(8):742‐50.
11. Adriaenssens, N., Coenen, S., Versporten, A., Muller, A., Minalu, G., Faes, C., Vankerckhoven, V., Aerts, M., Hens, N., Molenberghs, G., Goossens, H., & ESAC Project Group. (2011). European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC): outpatient quinolone use in Europe (1997-2009). The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 66 Suppl 6(suppl_6), vi47-56. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkr457
12. Public Health England. UK One Health Report. Joint report on human and animal antibiotic use, sales and resistance, 2013. Disponible en: www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/447319/One_Health_Report_July2015.pdf [Citado el 13 Junio 2016].
13. Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care (ACSQHC). AURA 2016: First Australian report on antimicrobial use and resistance in human health. www.safetyandquality.gov.au/publications/aura‐2016‐first‐australian‐report‐on‐antimicrobial‐use‐and‐resistance‐in‐human‐health/ [Citado el 20 Abril 2017].
14. Chung, A., Perera, R., Brueggemann, A. B., Elamin, A. E., Harnden, A., Mayon-White, R., Smith, S., Crook, D. W., & Mant, D. (2007). Effect of antibiotic prescribing on antibiotic resistance in individual children in primary care: prospective cohort study. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 335(7617), 429. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39274.647465.BE
15. Malhotra‐Kumar S, Lammens C, Coenen S, Van Herck K, Goossens H. Effect of azithromycin and clarithromycin therapy on pharyngeal carriage of macrolide‐resistant streptococci in healthy volunteers: a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Lancet 2007;369(9560):482‐90.
16. Costelloe, C., Metcalfe, C., Lovering, A., Mant, D., & Hay, A. D. (2010). Effect of antibiotic prescribing in primary care on antimicrobial resistance in individual patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 340(may18 2), c2096. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c2096
17. Huttner, A., Harbarth, S., Carlet, J., Cosgrove, S., Goossens, H., Holmes, A., Jarlier, V., Voss, A., & Pittet, D. (2013). Antimicrobial resistance: a global view from the 2013 World Healthcare-Associated Infections Forum. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 2(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-2994-2-31
18. O'Neill J, Davies S, Rex J, White LJ, Murray R. Antimicrobial resistance: tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations. Disponible en: review.org/sites/default/files/AMR%20Review%20Paper%20%20Tackling%20a%20crisis%20for%20the%20health%20and%20wealth%20of%20nations_1.pdf [Citado el 20 Abril 2017].
19. O’Neill J, Chair. Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations. London, UK: Review on Antimicrobial Resistance; 2016; p. 1-84.
20. Tonkin-Crine SKG, Tan PS, van Hecke O, Wang K, Roberts NW, McCullough A, et al. Clinician-targeted interventions to influence antibiotic prescribing behaviour for acute respiratory infections in primary care: an overview of systematic reviews. Cochrane Libr [Internet]. 2017 [citado el 4 de julio 2022]; 2019(9). Disponible en: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012252.pub2/full/es
21. Costelloe, C., Metcalfe, C., Lovering, A., Mant, D., & Hay, A. D. (2010). Effect of antibiotic prescribing in primary care on antimicrobial resistance in individual patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 340(may18 2), c2096. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c2096
22. Goossens H, Ferech M, Vander Stichele R, Elseviers M, ESAC Project Group. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross‐national database study. Lancet 2005;365(9459):579‐87.
23. Gulliford, M. C., Dregan, A., Moore, M. V., Ashworth, M., van Staa, T., McCann, G., Charlton, J., Yardley, L., Little, P., & McDermott, L. (2014). Continued high rates of antibiotic prescribing to adults with respiratory tract infection: survey of 568 UK general practices. BMJ Open, 4(10), e006245. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006245
24. Shapiro, D. J., Hicks, L. A., Pavia, A. T., & Hersh, A. L. (2014). Antibiotic prescribing for adults in ambulatory care in the USA, 2007-09. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 69(1), 234–240. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkt301
25. Davey P, Marwick CA, Scott CL, Charani E, McNeil K, Brown E, et al. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2017 [citado el 4 de julio 2022]; 2(2):CD003543. Disponible en: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003543.pub4/full/es
26. Simor, A. E. (2001). Containing methicillin-resistant S aureus. Surveillance, control, and treatment methods. Postgraduate Medicine, 110(4), 43–48; quiz 11. https://doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2001.10.1043
27. Herwaldt, L. A. (1999). Control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the hospital setting. The American Journal of Medicine, 106(5A), 11S-18S; discussion 48S-52S. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(98)00350-7
28. Graffunder, E. M., & Venezia, R. A. (2002). Risk factors associated with nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection including previous use of antimicrobials. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 49(6), 999–1005. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkf009
29. Safdar, N., & Maki, D. G. (2002). The commonality of risk factors for nosocomial colonization and infection with antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus, gram-negative bacilli, Clostridium difficile, and Candida. Annals of Internal Medicine, 136(11), 834–844. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-136-11-200206040-00013
30. Health Statistics Quarterly 2013. Deaths involving MRSA: England and Wales, 2008 to 2012. [citado el 8 de julio 2022] Disponible en: file:///C:/Users/Miranda/Downloads/Deaths%20involving%20MRSA%202008%20to%202012.pdf
31. Vista de PREVALENCIA DE Escherichia coli-ST131 PRODUCTORAS DE BLEE EN AISLADOS DE BACTERIEMIAS DESDE 2009 AL 2018 [Internet]. Gob.ec. [citado el 8 de agosto 2022]. Disponible en: https://revistaecuadorescalidad.agrocalidad.gob.ec/revistaecuadorescalidad/index.php/revista/article/view/95/253
32. Gaus D, Larco D. La epidemiologia microbiológica de una unidad rural de cuidados intensivos en Ecuador. Práct fam rural [Internet]. 2021 [citado el 8 de agosto 2022];6(1). Disponible en: https://practicafamiliarrural.org/index.php/pfr/article/view/191
33. Monitoreo local de resistencia a los antibióticos en Escherichia Coli en una zona rural de Ecuador: más allá del modelo biomédico. Disponible en:http://file:///R:/Medicos/Downloads/80-Texto%20del%20art%C3%ADculo-874-1-10-20211030.pdf [citado el 8 de agosto 2022]
34. Gurny R, Möller M. Editorial. Evolución de la resistencia a los antibióticos en una zona rural de Ecuador. Eur J Pharm Biopharm [Internet]. 2013 [citado el 8 de agosto 2022]; 83(1):1. Disponible en: https://practicafamiliarrural.org/index.php/pfr/article/download/144/177?inline=1
35. Cosgrove, S. E., Sakoulas, G., Perencevich, E. N., Schwaber, M. J., Karchmer, A. W., & Carmeli, Y. (2003). Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a meta-analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 36(1), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/345476
36. Hughes C, Tunney M, Bradley MC. Infection control strategies for preventing the transmission of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in nursing homes for older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2013;2013(11):CD006354. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006354.pub4
37. Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. (n.d.). Who.int. [Citado el 4 de Julio 2022], Disponible en: https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
38. Langford BJ, So M, Raybardhan S, Leung V, Soucy J-P, Westwood D, Daneman N, MacFadden DR (2021) Antibiotic prescribing in patients with COVID-19: rapid review and meta-analysis Clinical Microbiology and Infection 1:18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.12.018
39. Sproston, N. R., & Ashworth, J. J. (2018). Role of C-reactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection. Frontiers in Immunology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00754
40. Langford BJ, So M, Raybardhan S, Leung V, Westwood D, MacFadden DR, Soucy JR, Daneman N (2020) Bacterial co-infection and secondary infection in patients with COVID-19: a living rapid review and meta-analysis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 26:1622–1629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.016
41. Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez B, Salamanca, E de Cueto M, et al, Effect of appropriate combination therapy on mortality of patients with bloodstream infections due to carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (INCREMENT): a retrospective cohort study The Lancet Infectious Diseases 17:726–734. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30228-1
42. Clancy, C. J., Buehrle, D. J., & Nguyen, M. H. (2020). PRO: The COVID-19 pandemic will result in increased antimicrobial resistance rates. JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance, 2(3), dlaa049. https://doi.org/10.1093/jacamr/dlaa049
43. Knight GM, Glover RE, McQuaid CF, Olaru ID, Gallandat K, Leclerc QJ, et al. Antimicrobial resistance and COVID-19: Intersections and implications. Elife [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Jul 4];10. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.64139
Publicado
2022-10-13
Cómo citar
1.
Montesinos Guevara CM, Miranda JJ. Desafíos para la salud global post- covid: resistencia bacteriana . PFR [Internet]. 13 de octubre de 2022 [citado 21 de noviembre de 2024];7(3). Disponible en: https://practicafamiliarrural.org/index.php/pfr/article/view/247
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