High prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infections in the Ecuador Colombia border
Keywords:
Asymptomatic malaria, Ecuador, Esmeraldas, knowledge, attitude and practice, Plasmodium, prevalence
Abstract
Malaria is a disease that affects the tropical areas of the world, being a major public health problem. In the last 18 years, the malaria incidence in Ecuador has decreased and Ecuador has been placed among the countries with the capacity to eliminate malaria before 2020. However, since 2015 there has been an increase in the number of malaria cases affecting the most vulnerable population in the border areas of the country. In this work, we studied the epidemiology of malaria in the communities of the north of the province of Esmeraldas, with samples collected in 2017. An epidemiological survey of knowledge, attitudes and practices of malaria (KAP) was applied to household heads. The total prevalence of malaria in the study areas by molecular techniques was 5.83%. All infections were asymptomatic. The surveyed population presented a basic knowledge about malaria but the lack of prevention practices is an important factor that could hinder the elimination of the disease. This study provides information on the state of the disease in the communities of the north of Esmeraldas and will allow the implementation of new strategies of control and prevention of malaria.
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References
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Snounou G. Detection and identification of the four malaria parasite species infecting humans by PCR amplification. Methods Mol Biol. 1996;50:263–91.
Soleimani-Ahmadi, M., Vatandoost, H., Zare, M., Alizadeh, A., & Salehi, M. (2014). Community knowledge and practices regarding malaria and long-lasting insecticidal nets during malaria elimination programme in an endemic area in Iran. Malaria Journal, 13(1), 511. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-13-511
Vallejo, Chaparro, P. E., Benavides, Y., Álvarez, Á., Quintero, J., Padilla, J., … Herrera, S. (2015). High prevalence of sub-microscopic infections in Colombia. Malaria Journal, 14(1), 201. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-015-0711-6
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WHO. (2017). World Malaria Report 2017. World Health Organization. https://doi.org/10.1071/EC12504
WHO. (2018). OMS | Preparados para vencer al paludismo: Día Mundial del Paludismo 2018. WHO. Recuperado a partir de http://www.who.int/malaria/media/world-malaria-day-2018/es/
Alger, J. (2001). Densidad Parasitaria en Malaria : Métodos de determinación y su interpretación, 118–120.
Baird, J. K., Valecha, N., Duparc, S., White, N. J., & Price, R. N. (2016). Diagnosis and Treatment of Plasmodium vivax Malaria. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 95(6 Suppl), 35–51. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0171
Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, P. y C. de E. (2018). Número de casos por tipo de malaria, (48887).
Dawaki, S., Al-Mekhlafi, H. M., Ithoi, I., Ibrahim, J., Atroosh, W. M., Abdulsalam, A. M., … Lau, Y.-L. (2016). Is Nigeria winning the battle against malaria? Prevalence, risk factors and KAP assessment among Hausa communities in Kano State. Malaria Journal, 15(1), 351. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1394-3
Laishram, D. D., Sutton, P. L., Nanda, N., Sharma, V. L., Sobti, R. C., Carlton, J. M., & Joshi, H. (2012). The complexities of malaria disease manifestations with a focus on asymptomatic malaria. Malaria Journal, 11(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-11-29
Lindblade, K. A., Steinhardt, L., Samuels, A., Kachur, S. P., & Slutsker, L. (2013). The silent threat: asymptomatic parasitemia and malaria transmission. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 11(6), 623–639. https://doi.org/10.1586/eri.13.45
Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador (2019). SIVE-ALERTA. Gaceta epidemiológica de vectores. Recuperado a partir de: https://www.salud.gob.ec/wp- content/uploads/2019/01/GACETA-VECTORES-SE-52.pdf
Moreira, C. M., Abo-Shehada, M., Price, R. N., & Drakeley, C. J. (2015). A systematic review of sub-microscopic Plasmodium vivax infection. Malaria journal, 14, 360. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-015-0884-z
OMS. (2017a). Control y eliminación del paludismo por Plasmodium vivax: informe técnico [“OMS | Control y eliminación del paludismo por Plasmodium vivax: informe técnico”. WHO. http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241509244/es/.].
OPS/OMS. (2014). Informe de la situación de la Malaria en las Américas. Recuperado a partir de http://iris.paho.org/xmlui/handle/123456789/33881
OPS/OMS. (2017a). Alerta Epidemiológica Aumento de casos de malaria. Recuperado a partir de http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&Itemid=270&gid=38148&lang=es
PAHO. (2018). Actualización Epidemiológica. Aumento de malaria en las Américas, 5. Recuperado a partir de https://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?
option=com_docman&task=doc_view&Itemid=270&gid=43437&lang=es%0Ahttp://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&Itemid=270&gid=43437&lang=es
Poveda-Loayza, A. C. (2015). Determinacion de la prevalencia de Plasmodium spp mediante microscopia y su relacion con conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de malaria como posibles factores de riesgo en cuatro comunidades de San Lorenzo provincia de Esmeraldas. ESPE.
Recht, J., Siqueira, A. M., Monteiro, W. M., Herrera, S. M., Herrera, S., & Lacerda, M. V. G. (2017). Malaria in Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela: Current challenges in malaria control and elimination. Malaria Journal, 16(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-1925-6
Rovira-Vallbona, E., Contreras-Mancilla, J. J., Ramirez, R., Guzmán-Guzmán, M., Carrasco-Escobar, G., Llanos-Cuentas, A., … Rosanas-Urgell, A. (2017). Predominance of asymptomatic and sub-microscopic infections characterizes the Plasmodium gametocyte reservoir in the Peruvian Amazon. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 11(7), e0005674. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005674
Ruybal-Pesántez, S., Tiedje, K. E., Rorick, M. M., Amenga-Etego, L., Ghansah, A., Oduro, A. R., … Day, K. P. (2017). Lack of geospatial population structure yet significant linkage disequilibrium in the reservoir of plasmodium falciparum in Bongo District, Ghana. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 97(4), 1180–1189. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0119
Sáenz, F. E., Arévalo-Cortés, A., Valenzuela, G., Vallejo, A. F., Castellanos, A., Poveda-Loayza, A. C., … Herrera, S. (2017). Malaria epidemiology in low-endemicity areas of the northern coast of Ecuador: high prevalence of asymptomatic infections. Malaria Journal, 16(1), 300. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-1947-0
Salas Botero, D. (2017). Informe De Evento Malaria, Colombia, 2017. Recuperado a partir de https://www.ins.gov.co/buscador-eventos/Informesdeevento/MALARIA 2017.pdf
Serra-Casas, E., Manrique, P., Ding, X. C., Carrasco-Escobar, G., Alava, F., Gave, A., … Gamboa, D. (2017). Loop-mediated isothermal DNA amplification for asymptomatic malaria detection in challenging field settings: Technical performance and pilot implementation in the Peruvian Amazon. PLOS ONE, 12(10), e0185742. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185742
Snounou G. Detection and identification of the four malaria parasite species infecting humans by PCR amplification. Methods Mol Biol. 1996;50:263–91.
Soleimani-Ahmadi, M., Vatandoost, H., Zare, M., Alizadeh, A., & Salehi, M. (2014). Community knowledge and practices regarding malaria and long-lasting insecticidal nets during malaria elimination programme in an endemic area in Iran. Malaria Journal, 13(1), 511. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-13-511
Vallejo, Chaparro, P. E., Benavides, Y., Álvarez, Á., Quintero, J., Padilla, J., … Herrera, S. (2015). High prevalence of sub-microscopic infections in Colombia. Malaria Journal, 14(1), 201. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-015-0711-6
Vásquez-Jiménez, J. M., Arévalo-Herrera, M., Henao-Giraldo, J., Molina-Gómez, K., Arce-Plata, M., Vallejo, A. F., & Herrera, S. (2016). Consistent prevalence of asymptomatic infections in malaria endemic populations in Colombia over time. Malaria Journal, 15(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1124-x
WHO. (2017). World Malaria Report 2017. World Health Organization. https://doi.org/10.1071/EC12504
WHO. (2018). OMS | Preparados para vencer al paludismo: Día Mundial del Paludismo 2018. WHO. Recuperado a partir de http://www.who.int/malaria/media/world-malaria-day-2018/es/
Published
2020-07-31
How to Cite
1.
Saenz F. High prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infections in the Ecuador Colombia border. PFR [Internet]. 2020Jul.31 [cited 2025Jun.15];5(2). Available from: https://practicafamiliarrural.org/index.php/pfr/article/view/157
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