Pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19
Keywords:
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Multisystem Inflammatory Disease, Pediatrics.
Abstract
COVID-19 infection in pediatrics manifests with a serious and unusual condition called Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS). In particular, in the syndromic picture caused by COVID-19 in pediatric patients, serious complications are less frequent compared to adult patients. It should be noted that complicated respiratory infections are associated with post-infection MIS with obvious sequelae. In particular, the objective of this bibliographic review was to analyze the behavior of the pediatric SIM associated with COVID-19. A bibliographic search of articles included in the PubMed and Elsevier databases was carried out, in the period 2020-2023. In the initial search, 53 references were identified and after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the number was reduced to a total of 39 articles. One of the main points of discussion has centered on the fact that pediatric patients with COVID-19 had fewer hospitalizations compared to adults. However, in the cases that required hospitalization, they presented similar characteristics such as Kawasaki disease and acute respiratory distress syndrome, even being admitted to the ICU. In particular, it is necessary to establish diagnostic and therapeutic measures at an early stage in order to early identify cases of shock that should be admitted to the PICU. In short, multidisciplinary management is essential for its resolution, monitoring and follow-up of this pediatric entity.
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References
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2. Howard-Jones AR, Bowen AC, Danchin M, Koirala A, Sharma K, Yeoh DK, et al. COVID-19 in children: I. Epidemiology, prevention and indirect impacts. J Paediatr Child Health [Internet]. 2022;58(1):39–45. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34643307/
3. Alsohime F, Temsah MH, Al-Nemri AM, Somily AM, Al-Subaie S. COVID-19 infection prevalence in pediatric population: Etiology, clinical presentation, and outcome. J Infect Public Health [Internet]. 2020;13(12):1791–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33127335/
4. Chatziparasidis G, Kantar A. COVID-19 in Children with Asthma. Lung [Internet]. 2021;199(1):7–12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-021-00419-9
5. Paucar CG, Ivo LM. Manifestaciones bucales del síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico pediátrico asociadas a la COVID-19 [Internet]. Vol. 4, Revista Cubana de estomatologia. BMJ Publishing Group; 2021 [cited 2023 May 5]. Available from: http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/est/v58n4/1561-297X-est-58-04-e3837.pdf
6. Kabeerdoss J, Pilania RK, Karkhele R, Kumar TS, Danda D, Singh S. Severe COVID-19, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, and Kawasaki disease: immunological mechanisms, clinical manifestations and management. Rheumatol Int [Internet]. 2021;41(1):19–32. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-020-04749-4
7. Cosín-Sales J, Ortiz Cortés C, Barrios V, Gámez JM. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the sanitary assistance of atrial fibrillation in Spain. REC CardioClinics [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Apr 19]; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RCCL.2023.03.005
8. Statista. Número acumulado de casos de coronavirus en el mundo desde el 22 de enero de 2020 hasta el 3 de mayo de 2023 [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 5]. Available from: https://es.statista.com/estadisticas/1104227/numero-acumulado-de-casos-de-coronavirus-covid-19-en-el-mundo-enero-marzo/
9. Giraldo-Alzate C, Tamayo-Múnera C, López-Barón E, Caicedo-Baez MC, Piñeres-Olave BE. Síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico en niños asociado a COVID-19. Revisión narrativa de la literatura a propósito de un caso. Acta Colomb Cuid Intensivo [Internet]. Available from: https://doi.org 10.1016/j.acci.2020.11.002
10. PAHO. Cumulative confirmed and probable COVID-19 cases reported [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 5]. Available from: https://ais.paho.org/phip/viz/COVID19Table.asp
11. Satué Gracia EM, Vila Córcoles Á. COVID-19 prognostic indicators in Primary Care. Aten Primaria [Internet]. 2022 Jul 1 [cited 2023 Apr 19];54(7). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APRIM.2022.102308
12. Expansion.com. Ecuador - COVID-19 - Crisis del coronavirus [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 5]. Available from: https://datosmacro.expansion.com/otros/coronavirus/ecuador
13. Rodríguez Kibrik J, Cazalas ME, Petrillo ML, Guiñazú GG, Moros C, Choe HJ, et al. Sindrome inflamatorio multisistémico en pediatría: importancia de la evaluación inicial de los parámetros de laboratorio. Rev Argent Cardiol [Internet]. 2023 Feb 23 [cited 2023 May 5];91(1):49–54. Available from: https://rac.sac.org.ar/index.php/rac/article/view/43
14. Zamora M, Zamora V, Rodriguez M, Alatorre E, Nuñez J. Síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria multisistémica asociado a COVID-19 en población pediátrica. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 May 5];2:224–8. Available from: https://biblat.unam.mx/hevila/RevistaMedicadelInstitutoMexicanodelSeguroSocial/2020/vol58/Supl%202/10.pdf
15. Tzoulis P. Prevalence, prognostic value, pathophysiology, and management of hyponatraemia in children and adolescents with covid-19. Acta Biomedica [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 May 5];92(5). Available from: https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v92i5.12330
16. Montaño-Luna VE, Miranda-Novales MG. Update on clinical management of COVID -19 in pediatric patients: After a year of pandemic. Revista Mexicana de Pediatria [Internet]. 2021 Jan 1 [cited 2023 May 5];88(1):31–45. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35366/99417
17. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression [Internet]. Vol. 395, The Lancet. Lancet Publishing Group; 2020 [cited 2023 May 5]. p. 1033–4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0
18. Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics and intauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. The Lancet [Internet]. 2020 Mar 7 [cited 2023 May 5];395(10226):809–15. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3
19. Christian Renzo Aquino-Canchari, Luis Máximo Villanueva-Zúñiga. Síndrome de Kawasaki en población pediátrica durante la pandemia por la COVID-19: realidad o mito. Rev Cubana Pediatr [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 May 5];1196. Available from: http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/ped/v92s1/1561-3119-ped-92-s1-e1169.pdf
20. Patricia Márquez-Aguirre M, Gutiérrez-Hernández A, Lizárraga-López SL, Mireya Muñoz-Ramírez C, Ventura-Gómez ST, María P, et al. Clinical spectrum of COVID-19 in the pediatric patient. Acta Pediatrica Mexicana [Internet]. 2020;64–71. Available from: www.actapediatrica.org.mx
21. Pellegrino R, Chiappini E, Licari A, Galli L, Marseglia GL. Prevalence and clinical presentation of long COVID in children: a systematic review [Internet]. Vol. 181, European Journal of Pediatrics. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; 2022 [cited 2023 May 5]. p. 3995–4009. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-022-04600-x
22. Calvo C, Tagarro A, Méndez Echevarría A, Fernández Colomer B, Albañil Ballesteros MR, Bassat Q, et al. COVID-19 pandemic. What have we learned? An Pediatr (Engl Ed) [Internet]. 2021 Nov 1 [cited 2023 May 5];95(5):382.e1-382.e8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2021.09.006
23. Soto GP. Bases Genéticas y Moleculares del COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). Mecanismos de Patogénesis y de Respuesta Inmune Genetic and Molecular Basis of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Imnune [Internet]. Vol. 14, Int. J. Odontostomat. 2020 [cited 2023 May 5]. Available from: https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-381X2020000300331
24. Lin J, Harahsheh AS, Raghuveer G, Jain S, Choueiter NF, Garrido-Garcia LM, et al. Emerging Insights Into the Pathophysiology of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Associated With COVID-19 in Children. Canadian Journal of Cardiology [Internet]. 2023 Jan [cited 2023 May 5]; Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9824951/
25. Wong-Chew RM, Noyola DE, Villa AR. Clinical characteristics and mortality risk factors in patients aged less than 18 years with COVID-19 in Mexico and Mexico City. An Pediatr (Engl Ed) [Internet]. 2022 Aug 1 [cited 2023 May 5];97(2):119–28. Available from: https://www.analesdepediatria.org/es-caracteristicas-clinicas-factores-riesgo-mortalidad-articulo-S1695403321002691
26. Fernández G, Acosta J. Síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico asociado a COVID-19 en pacientes pediátricos. Sapienza: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies [Internet]. 2022 Apr 30 [cited 2023 May 5];3(2):38–56. Available from: https://journals.sapienzaeditorial.com/index.php/SIJIS/article/view/306
27. Álvarez APL, Urdiales ACS, Vélez IPC, Melan BP, Carreño MAA, Fajardo IG. Covid-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Revista Latinoamericana de Hipertension [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 May 5];15(2):168–72. Available from: https://zenodo.org/record/5514078#.ZFaBpHbMLIU
28. Andrés Y, Arango N, Yamit A, Ariff A, Cortés F, Pablo J, et al. Multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children with COVID-19: A rheumatology perspective. Revista Colombiana de Reumatologia [Internet]. 2021; Available from: https://www.ins.gov.co/Noticias/Paginas/Coronavirus.aspx
29. Gottlieb M, Bridwell R, Ravera J, Long B. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children with COVID-19 [Internet]. Vol. 49, American Journal of Emergency Medicine. W.B. Saunders; 2021 [cited 2023 May 5]. p. 148–52. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8185530/
30. Ulloa-Gutiérrez R, Ivankovich-Escoto G, Yamazaki-Nakashimada MA. Síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico asociado a COVID-19 en niños y adolescentes: un llamado al diagnóstico. Rev Chil infectología [Internet]. 2020;37(3):199–201. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4067/s0716-10182020000300199
31. Parisi GF, Indolfi C, Decimo F, Leonardi S, Miraglia del Giudice M. Neumonía por COVID-19 en niños: De su etiología a su manejo. Kompass Neumología [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 May 5];3(2):46–51. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8089434/
32. AEMPS, EMA. Inmunoglobulina humana inespecífica intravenosa (IGIV). Asociacion Española de Pediatria [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 May 5]; Available from:https://www.aeped.es/comitemedicamentos/pediamecum/inmunoglobulina-humana-inespecifica-intravenosa-igiv
33. García-Salido A, Antón J, Martínez-Pajares JD, Giralt-García G, Gómez-Cortés B, Tagarro A et al. Diagnóstico, estabilización y tratamiento del síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico pediátrico vinculado a SARS-CoV-2 (SIM-PedS). Rev Latin Infect Pediatr. 2021; 34 (1): 6-16. https://dx.doi. org/10.35366/99821
34. Aep.sim-peds.v1.pdf [Internet]. [citado 2 de mayo de 2023]. Available from: https://www.aeped.es/sites/default/files/aep.sim-peds.v1.pdf
35. Peng YD, Meng K, Guan HQ, Leng L, Zhu RR, Wang BY, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of 112 cardiovascular disease patients infected by 2019-nCoV. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi [Internet]. 2020 Jun 24 [cited 2023 May 3];48(6):450–5. Available from: https://rs.yiigle.com/CN112148202006/1202885.htm
36. Carod-Artal FJ. Post-COVID-19 syndrome: Epidemiology, diagnostic criteria and pathogenic mechanisms involved. Rev Neurol [Internet]. 2021 Jun 1 [cited 2023 May 5];72(11):384–96. Available from: https://neurologia.com/articulo/2021230
37. Neto FJ de C, Loiola BM, Rodrigues VES, Sousa LRM, Negreiros AL. Outcomes and Clinical Characteristics of People with Obesity and Covid-19: Integrative Review. Enfermeria Global [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 May 5];20(3):569–80. Available from: https://revistas.um.es/eglobal/article/view/461101
38. Leon JR, Vaca L. El Covid-19 en El Ecuador, una mirada desde el enfoque de la gestión de Riesgos. Geopauta [Internet]. 2021 Mar 31 [cited 2023 May 5];5(1):26–37. Available from: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=574365255002
39. Uranga A, Villanueva A, Lafuente I, González N, Legarreta MJ, Aguirre U, et al. Risk factors for clinical deterioration in patients admitted for COVID-19: A case-control study. Rev Clin Esp [Internet]. 2022 Jan 1 [cited 2023 May 5];222(1):22–30. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8141782/
2. Howard-Jones AR, Bowen AC, Danchin M, Koirala A, Sharma K, Yeoh DK, et al. COVID-19 in children: I. Epidemiology, prevention and indirect impacts. J Paediatr Child Health [Internet]. 2022;58(1):39–45. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34643307/
3. Alsohime F, Temsah MH, Al-Nemri AM, Somily AM, Al-Subaie S. COVID-19 infection prevalence in pediatric population: Etiology, clinical presentation, and outcome. J Infect Public Health [Internet]. 2020;13(12):1791–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33127335/
4. Chatziparasidis G, Kantar A. COVID-19 in Children with Asthma. Lung [Internet]. 2021;199(1):7–12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-021-00419-9
5. Paucar CG, Ivo LM. Manifestaciones bucales del síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico pediátrico asociadas a la COVID-19 [Internet]. Vol. 4, Revista Cubana de estomatologia. BMJ Publishing Group; 2021 [cited 2023 May 5]. Available from: http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/est/v58n4/1561-297X-est-58-04-e3837.pdf
6. Kabeerdoss J, Pilania RK, Karkhele R, Kumar TS, Danda D, Singh S. Severe COVID-19, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, and Kawasaki disease: immunological mechanisms, clinical manifestations and management. Rheumatol Int [Internet]. 2021;41(1):19–32. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-020-04749-4
7. Cosín-Sales J, Ortiz Cortés C, Barrios V, Gámez JM. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the sanitary assistance of atrial fibrillation in Spain. REC CardioClinics [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Apr 19]; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RCCL.2023.03.005
8. Statista. Número acumulado de casos de coronavirus en el mundo desde el 22 de enero de 2020 hasta el 3 de mayo de 2023 [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 5]. Available from: https://es.statista.com/estadisticas/1104227/numero-acumulado-de-casos-de-coronavirus-covid-19-en-el-mundo-enero-marzo/
9. Giraldo-Alzate C, Tamayo-Múnera C, López-Barón E, Caicedo-Baez MC, Piñeres-Olave BE. Síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico en niños asociado a COVID-19. Revisión narrativa de la literatura a propósito de un caso. Acta Colomb Cuid Intensivo [Internet]. Available from: https://doi.org 10.1016/j.acci.2020.11.002
10. PAHO. Cumulative confirmed and probable COVID-19 cases reported [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 5]. Available from: https://ais.paho.org/phip/viz/COVID19Table.asp
11. Satué Gracia EM, Vila Córcoles Á. COVID-19 prognostic indicators in Primary Care. Aten Primaria [Internet]. 2022 Jul 1 [cited 2023 Apr 19];54(7). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APRIM.2022.102308
12. Expansion.com. Ecuador - COVID-19 - Crisis del coronavirus [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 5]. Available from: https://datosmacro.expansion.com/otros/coronavirus/ecuador
13. Rodríguez Kibrik J, Cazalas ME, Petrillo ML, Guiñazú GG, Moros C, Choe HJ, et al. Sindrome inflamatorio multisistémico en pediatría: importancia de la evaluación inicial de los parámetros de laboratorio. Rev Argent Cardiol [Internet]. 2023 Feb 23 [cited 2023 May 5];91(1):49–54. Available from: https://rac.sac.org.ar/index.php/rac/article/view/43
14. Zamora M, Zamora V, Rodriguez M, Alatorre E, Nuñez J. Síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria multisistémica asociado a COVID-19 en población pediátrica. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 May 5];2:224–8. Available from: https://biblat.unam.mx/hevila/RevistaMedicadelInstitutoMexicanodelSeguroSocial/2020/vol58/Supl%202/10.pdf
15. Tzoulis P. Prevalence, prognostic value, pathophysiology, and management of hyponatraemia in children and adolescents with covid-19. Acta Biomedica [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 May 5];92(5). Available from: https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v92i5.12330
16. Montaño-Luna VE, Miranda-Novales MG. Update on clinical management of COVID -19 in pediatric patients: After a year of pandemic. Revista Mexicana de Pediatria [Internet]. 2021 Jan 1 [cited 2023 May 5];88(1):31–45. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35366/99417
17. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression [Internet]. Vol. 395, The Lancet. Lancet Publishing Group; 2020 [cited 2023 May 5]. p. 1033–4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0
18. Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics and intauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. The Lancet [Internet]. 2020 Mar 7 [cited 2023 May 5];395(10226):809–15. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3
19. Christian Renzo Aquino-Canchari, Luis Máximo Villanueva-Zúñiga. Síndrome de Kawasaki en población pediátrica durante la pandemia por la COVID-19: realidad o mito. Rev Cubana Pediatr [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 May 5];1196. Available from: http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/ped/v92s1/1561-3119-ped-92-s1-e1169.pdf
20. Patricia Márquez-Aguirre M, Gutiérrez-Hernández A, Lizárraga-López SL, Mireya Muñoz-Ramírez C, Ventura-Gómez ST, María P, et al. Clinical spectrum of COVID-19 in the pediatric patient. Acta Pediatrica Mexicana [Internet]. 2020;64–71. Available from: www.actapediatrica.org.mx
21. Pellegrino R, Chiappini E, Licari A, Galli L, Marseglia GL. Prevalence and clinical presentation of long COVID in children: a systematic review [Internet]. Vol. 181, European Journal of Pediatrics. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; 2022 [cited 2023 May 5]. p. 3995–4009. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-022-04600-x
22. Calvo C, Tagarro A, Méndez Echevarría A, Fernández Colomer B, Albañil Ballesteros MR, Bassat Q, et al. COVID-19 pandemic. What have we learned? An Pediatr (Engl Ed) [Internet]. 2021 Nov 1 [cited 2023 May 5];95(5):382.e1-382.e8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2021.09.006
23. Soto GP. Bases Genéticas y Moleculares del COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). Mecanismos de Patogénesis y de Respuesta Inmune Genetic and Molecular Basis of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Imnune [Internet]. Vol. 14, Int. J. Odontostomat. 2020 [cited 2023 May 5]. Available from: https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-381X2020000300331
24. Lin J, Harahsheh AS, Raghuveer G, Jain S, Choueiter NF, Garrido-Garcia LM, et al. Emerging Insights Into the Pathophysiology of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Associated With COVID-19 in Children. Canadian Journal of Cardiology [Internet]. 2023 Jan [cited 2023 May 5]; Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9824951/
25. Wong-Chew RM, Noyola DE, Villa AR. Clinical characteristics and mortality risk factors in patients aged less than 18 years with COVID-19 in Mexico and Mexico City. An Pediatr (Engl Ed) [Internet]. 2022 Aug 1 [cited 2023 May 5];97(2):119–28. Available from: https://www.analesdepediatria.org/es-caracteristicas-clinicas-factores-riesgo-mortalidad-articulo-S1695403321002691
26. Fernández G, Acosta J. Síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico asociado a COVID-19 en pacientes pediátricos. Sapienza: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies [Internet]. 2022 Apr 30 [cited 2023 May 5];3(2):38–56. Available from: https://journals.sapienzaeditorial.com/index.php/SIJIS/article/view/306
27. Álvarez APL, Urdiales ACS, Vélez IPC, Melan BP, Carreño MAA, Fajardo IG. Covid-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Revista Latinoamericana de Hipertension [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 May 5];15(2):168–72. Available from: https://zenodo.org/record/5514078#.ZFaBpHbMLIU
28. Andrés Y, Arango N, Yamit A, Ariff A, Cortés F, Pablo J, et al. Multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children with COVID-19: A rheumatology perspective. Revista Colombiana de Reumatologia [Internet]. 2021; Available from: https://www.ins.gov.co/Noticias/Paginas/Coronavirus.aspx
29. Gottlieb M, Bridwell R, Ravera J, Long B. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children with COVID-19 [Internet]. Vol. 49, American Journal of Emergency Medicine. W.B. Saunders; 2021 [cited 2023 May 5]. p. 148–52. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8185530/
30. Ulloa-Gutiérrez R, Ivankovich-Escoto G, Yamazaki-Nakashimada MA. Síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico asociado a COVID-19 en niños y adolescentes: un llamado al diagnóstico. Rev Chil infectología [Internet]. 2020;37(3):199–201. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4067/s0716-10182020000300199
31. Parisi GF, Indolfi C, Decimo F, Leonardi S, Miraglia del Giudice M. Neumonía por COVID-19 en niños: De su etiología a su manejo. Kompass Neumología [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 May 5];3(2):46–51. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8089434/
32. AEMPS, EMA. Inmunoglobulina humana inespecífica intravenosa (IGIV). Asociacion Española de Pediatria [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 May 5]; Available from:https://www.aeped.es/comitemedicamentos/pediamecum/inmunoglobulina-humana-inespecifica-intravenosa-igiv
33. García-Salido A, Antón J, Martínez-Pajares JD, Giralt-García G, Gómez-Cortés B, Tagarro A et al. Diagnóstico, estabilización y tratamiento del síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico pediátrico vinculado a SARS-CoV-2 (SIM-PedS). Rev Latin Infect Pediatr. 2021; 34 (1): 6-16. https://dx.doi. org/10.35366/99821
34. Aep.sim-peds.v1.pdf [Internet]. [citado 2 de mayo de 2023]. Available from: https://www.aeped.es/sites/default/files/aep.sim-peds.v1.pdf
35. Peng YD, Meng K, Guan HQ, Leng L, Zhu RR, Wang BY, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of 112 cardiovascular disease patients infected by 2019-nCoV. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi [Internet]. 2020 Jun 24 [cited 2023 May 3];48(6):450–5. Available from: https://rs.yiigle.com/CN112148202006/1202885.htm
36. Carod-Artal FJ. Post-COVID-19 syndrome: Epidemiology, diagnostic criteria and pathogenic mechanisms involved. Rev Neurol [Internet]. 2021 Jun 1 [cited 2023 May 5];72(11):384–96. Available from: https://neurologia.com/articulo/2021230
37. Neto FJ de C, Loiola BM, Rodrigues VES, Sousa LRM, Negreiros AL. Outcomes and Clinical Characteristics of People with Obesity and Covid-19: Integrative Review. Enfermeria Global [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 May 5];20(3):569–80. Available from: https://revistas.um.es/eglobal/article/view/461101
38. Leon JR, Vaca L. El Covid-19 en El Ecuador, una mirada desde el enfoque de la gestión de Riesgos. Geopauta [Internet]. 2021 Mar 31 [cited 2023 May 5];5(1):26–37. Available from: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=574365255002
39. Uranga A, Villanueva A, Lafuente I, González N, Legarreta MJ, Aguirre U, et al. Risk factors for clinical deterioration in patients admitted for COVID-19: A case-control study. Rev Clin Esp [Internet]. 2022 Jan 1 [cited 2023 May 5];222(1):22–30. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8141782/
Published
2023-07-29
How to Cite
1.
Herrera Jaramillo MI, Sisalima Hualpa SY. Pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19. PFR [Internet]. 2023Jul.29 [cited 2024Nov.21];8(2). Available from: https://practicafamiliarrural.org/index.php/pfr/article/view/276
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