Omega 3 and neuronal plasticity
Abstract
Omega-3, especially the fatty acids docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA), play a crucial role in neuroplasticity, the brain's ability to reorganize and form new neural connections in response to experiences and stimuli. DHA is a key structural component of neuronal membranes, improving fluidity and facilitating synaptic transmission, which optimizes processes such as learning and memory. EPA, for its part, contributes to reducing brain inflammation, creating an environment conducive to neuronal regeneration and nervous system adaptation. The objective of this research is to understand the therapeutic benefits of omega-3 on neuroplasticity in order to issue recommendations on its intake. An electronic search of scientific articles published from January 2018 to 2024 was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and ScieLO databases. Scientific evidence suggests that a diet rich in omega-3 is associated with improvements in cognitive function, both in early brain development and in the prevention of cognitive decline in old age. DHA and EPA can increase the density of dendritic spines and enhance neurogenesis, suggesting a positive impact on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's as it can counteract the negative effects of omega-6 fatty acids, which are related to inflammatory processes and increased risk of cognitive decline. In conclusion, omega-3 is an essential nutrient for brain health, with a significant role in promoting neuroplasticity. Its inclusion in the diet, both in children and older adults, could be an effective preventive strategy against neuronal deterioration, underlining the need for further research to define optimal doses and sources of consumption to maximize its benefits.
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