Reinfección por SARS-CoV-2, ¿Qué conocemos hasta el momento?
Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, reinfection, reactivation
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is still ongoing and cases of patients getting the disease a second time (recurrence) are becoming more common. The cause of this recurrence is still not known in most cases but based on clinical information at least some of these cases appear to be caused by a reinfection with SARS-CoV-2. Several cases of genetically confirmed reinfection show that in fact, reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is possible although it is still a poorly documented phenomenon. So far less than thirty cases of genetically confirmed reinfection have been reported. Public Health authorities should consider this possibility when making decisions on vaccines development, disease prevention, mitigation and containment policies.
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References
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2. ECDC. COVID-19: Cases increasing across Europe [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 18]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/covid-19-cases-increasing-across-europe
3. WHO Regional Office for Europe. COVID-19 weekly surveillance report [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 18]. Available from: https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/weekly-surveillance-report
4. World Health Organization. Cumulative Cases Report [Internet]. Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 18]. Available from: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/data/cumulative-cases
5. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Discontinuation of Isolation for Persons with COVID-19 Not in Healthcare Settings [Internet]. Discontinuation of Isolation for Persons with COVID-19 Not in Healthcare Settings. 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 18]. p. 1–4. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/disposition-in-home-patients.html
6. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Discontinuation of Transmission-Based Precautions and Disposition of Patients with COVID-19 in Healthcare Settings ( Interim Guidance ) [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 18]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/disposition-hospitalized-patients.html
7. (KDCA) KDC and PA. Patient Treatment & Management [Internet]. Coronavirus Disease-19, Republic of Korea. 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 18]. Available from: http://ncov.mohw.go.kr/en/baroView.do?brdId=11&brdGubun=112&dataGubun=&ncvContSeq=&contSeq=&board_id=&gubun= 8. World Health Organization. Criteria for releasing COVID-19 patients from isolation. Sci Br. 2020 Jul 17;(17 June):1–5.
9. Centre for Disease Prevention. Guidance for discharge and ending isolation in the context of widespread community transmission of COVID-19-first update Scope of this document. Eur Cent Dis Prev. 2020;(April):1–8.
10. Kang H, Wang Y, Tong Z, Liu X. Retest positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA of “recovered” patients with COVID-19: Persistence, sampling issues, or re-infection? Journal of Medical Virology. John Wiley and Sons Inc.; 2020. p. jmv.26114.
11. Gousseff M, Penot P, Gallay L, Batisse D, Benech N, Bouiller K, et al. Clinical recurrences of COVID-19 symptoms after recovery: Viral relapse, reinfection or inflammatory rebound? Vol. 0, Journal of Infection. Elsevier BV; 2020.
12. Duggan NM, Ludy SM, Shannon BC, Reisner AT, Wilcox SR. Is novel coronavirus 2019 reinfection possible? Interpreting dynamic SARS-CoV-2 test results through a case report. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;0(0).
13. Ledford H. Coronavirus reinfections: three questions scientists are asking. Vol. 585, Nature. 2020. p. 168–9.
14. Glenza J. US reinfection case raises question: how long does Covid immunity last? [Internet]. The Guardian. 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 18]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/17/nevada-reinfection-case-highlights-mysteries-covid-19
15. CGTN. Ecuador confirms first case of COVID-19 reinfection - CGTN [Internet]. CGTN. 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 18]. Available from: https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-08-30/Ecuador-confirms-first-case-of-COVID-19-reinfection-Tn8RnpNU40/index.html
16. Layla Aerts, Ku Leuven. Also reinfections in the Netherlands and Belgium | NOS [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 18]. Available from: https://nos.nl/artikel/2345309-ook-herbesmettingen-in-nederland-en-belgie.html
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18. Chen D, Xu W, Lei Z, Huang Z, Liu J, Gao Z, et al. Recurrence of positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA in COVID-19: A case report. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Apr 1;93:297–9.
19. Tomassini S, Kotecha D, Bird PW, Folwell A, Biju S, Tang JW. Setting the criteria for SARS-CoV-2 reinfection – six possible cases. Vol. 0, Journal of Infection. W.B. Saunders Ltd; 2020.
20. Xing Y, Mo P, Xiao Y, Zhao O, Zhang Y, Wang F. Post-discharge surveillance and positive virus detection in two medical staff recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), China, January to February 2020. Vol. 25, Eurosurveillance. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC); 2020. p. 2000191.
21. To KK-W, Hung IF-N, Ip JD, Chu AW-H, Chan W-M, Tam AR, et al. COVID-19 re-infection by a phylogenetically distinct SARS-coronavirus-2 strain confirmed by whole genome sequencing. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;
22. Lan L, Xu D, Ye G, Xia C, Wang S, Li Y, et al. Positive RT-PCR Test Results in Patients Recovered from COVID-19. Vol. 323, JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association. American Medical Association; 2020. p. 1502–3.
23. Loconsole D, Passerini F, Palmieri VO, Centrone F, Sallustio A, Pugliese S, et al. Recurrence of COVID-19 after recovery: a case report from Italy. Vol. 1, Infection. Springer; 2020. p. 3.
24. Ravioli S, Ochsner H, Lindner G. Reactivation of COVID-19 pneumonia: A report of two cases. Vol. 81, Journal of Infection. W.B. Saunders Ltd; 2020. p. e72–3.
25. Ye G, Pan Z, Pan Y, Deng Q, Chen L, Li J, et al. Clinical characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reactivation. J Infect. 2020 May 1;80(5):e14–7.
26. Prado-Vivar B, Becerra-Wong M, Guadalupe JJ, Marquez S, Gutierrez B, Rojas-Silva P, et al. COVID-19 Re-Infection by a Phylogenetically Distinct SARS-CoV-2 Variant, First Confirmed Event in South America. SSRN Electron J. 2020 Sep 3;
27. Tillett R, Sevinsky J, Hartley P, Kerwin H, Crawford N, Gorzalski A, et al. Genomic Evidence for a Case of Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2. SSRN Electron J. 2020 Aug 25;1–13.
28. Li J, Zhang L, Liu B, Song D. Case Report: Viral shedding for 60 days in a woman with COVID-19. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020 Jun 1;102(6):1210–3.
29. Alvarez-Moreno CA, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Testing Dilemmas: Post negative, positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR – is it a reinfection? Vol. 35, Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. Elsevier USA; 2020. p. 101743.
30. Goldman JD, Wang K, Roltgen K, Nielsen SCA, Roach JC, Naccache SN, et al. Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and Failure of Humoral Immunity: a case report. medRxiv Prepr Serv Heal Sci. 2020;
31. Van Elslande J, Vermeersch P, Vandervoort K, Wawina-Bokalanga T, Vanmechelen B, Wollants E, et al. Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 reinfection by a phylogenetically distinct strain. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;
32. Larson D, Brodniak SL, Voegtly LJ, Cer RZ, Glang LA, Malagon FJ, et al. A Case of Early Reinfection With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 19;
33. Raddad LJA, Chemaitelly H, Ayoub HH, Al Kanaani Z, Al Khal A, Al Kuwari E, et al. Assessment of the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in an intense re-exposure setting. medRxiv. 2020 Sep 28;2020.08.24.20179457.
34. Gupta V, Bhoyar RC, Jain A, Srivastava S, Upadhayay R, Imran M, et al. Asymptomatic Reinfection in 2 Healthcare Workers From India With Genetically Distinct Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;1–8.
35. Radhakrishnan V, Gangopadhyay D. Repeat-positive SARS-CoV-2 in a child with cancer. Pediatric Blood and Cancer. John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2020.
36. Lago LP, Suárez González J, Serrano SJ, García González N, Candelas FG, Laperche CM, et al. A complete analysis of the epidemiological scenario around a SARS-CoV-2 reinfection: previous infection events and subsequent transmission. Res Sq. 2020;
37. Mulder M, van der Vegt DSJM, Oude Munnink BB, GeurtsvanKessel CH, van de Bovenkamp J, Sikkema RS, et al. Reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 in an immunocompromised patient: a case report. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Oct 9;
38. Shastri J, Parikh S, Agarwal S, Chatterjee N, Pathak M, Sharma C, et al. Whole Genome Sequencing Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections Among Healthcare Workers in India with Increased Severity in the Second Episode. SSRN Electron J. 2020 Sep 22;
39. Hoang VT, Dao TL, Gautret P. Recurrence of positive SARS-CoV-2 in patients recovered from COVID-19. Vol. 92, Journal of Medical Virology. John Wiley and Sons Inc.; 2020. p. 2366–7.
40. Zhou W, Xu X, Chang Z, Wang H, Zhong X, Tong X, et al. The dynamic changes of serum IgM and IgG against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2020 Jul 24;jmv.26353.
41. Iwasaki A. What reinfections mean for COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Oct;0(0).
42. Dearlove B, Lewitus E, Bai H, Li Y, Reeves DB, Joyce MG, et al. A SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate would likely match all currently circulating variants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Sep 22;117(38):23652–62.
43. Lee WS, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ, DeKosky BJ. Antibody-dependent enhancement and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies. Nat Microbiol. 2020 Oct 1;5(10):1185–91.
Published
2020-12-20
How to Cite
1.
Serrano-Arévalo K, Simancas-Racines D, Guerra V, Montesinos-Guevara C. Reinfección por SARS-CoV-2, ¿Qué conocemos hasta el momento?. PFR [Internet]. 2020Dec.20 [cited 2025Apr.2];5(3). Available from: https://practicafamiliarrural.org/index.php/pfr/article/view/180
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