COVID-19 clinical and management guide: update
Keywords:
Covid-19, July 2021 update, clinical guidelines
Abstract
An update of the scientific medical knowledge about COVID-19 in relation to epidemiology, risk factors and comorbidities, pathophysiology, usefulness of imaging tests, treatment, and vaccines is carried out
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References
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18. Klok FA, Kruip M, van der Meer N, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res. 2020;191:145-147
19. Obi A, Barnes G, Napolitano L, et al. Venous thrombosis epidemiology, pathophysiology, and anticoagulante therapies and trials in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9:23-35.
20. Obi A, Pannucci C, Nackashi A, et al. Validation of the Caprini venous thromboembolis risk assessment model in critically ill surgical patients. JAMA Surg. 2015;150:941-948
21. Burkhard-Koren N, Haberecker M, Maccio U, et al. Higher prevalence of Pulmonary macrothrombi in SARS-CoV-2 than in influenza A: autopsy results from ‘spanish flu’ 1918/1919 in Switzerland to Coronavirus disease 2019. J Pathol Clin Res. 2021; 7:135-143.
22. Leisman D, Ronner L, Pinotti R, et al. Cytokine elevation in severe and critical COVID-19; a rapid systematic review, meta-analysis, and comparison with other inflammatory syndromes. Lancet Respr Med. 2020; 8: 1233-1244.
23. Mazzoni A, Salvati L, Maggi L, et al. Impaired immune cell cytotoxicity in severe COVID-19 is IL-6 dependent. J Clin Invest. 2020; 130:4694-4703
24. Monneret G, Benlyamani I, Gossez M, et al. COVID-19: What type of cytokine storm are we dealing with?. J Med Virol. 2021;93:197198.
25. Kyriazopoulou E, Leventogiannis K, Norrby-Teglund A, et al. Macrophage activation- like syndrome: an immunological entity associated with rapid progression to death in sepsis. BMC Med. 2017;15:172.
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27. Soraya G, Ulhaq Z. Crucial laboratory parameters in COVID-19 diagnosis and prognosis: an updated mata-analysis. Med Clin (Barc). 2020; 155:143-151.
28. Yelagandula, R., Bykov, A., Vogt, A. et al. Multiplexed detection of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infections in high throughput by SARSeq. Nat Commun 12, 3132 (2021).
29. Dinnes J, Deeks JJ, Berhane S, et al. Cochrane COVID-19 Diagnostic Test Accuracy Group. Rapid, point-of-care antigen and molecular-based tests for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD013705. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013705.pub2.
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36. Fang Y, Zhang H,Xie J, et al. Sensitivity of chest CT for COVID-19: comparison toRT-PCR. Radiology. 2020 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200432
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38. https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/therapeutic-management/
39. Lopes R, Melo de Barros e Silva P, Furtado R, et al. Therapeutic versus prophylactic anticoagulación for patients dmitted to hospital with COVID-19 and an elevated D-dimer concentration (ACTION): an open-label, multicentre, randomized, controlled trial. Lancet 2021; 397:2253-63
40. https://www.fda.gov/media/145808/download
41. Recovery Collaborative Group, Horby P, Lim WS, et al. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 - preliminary report. N Engl J Med. 2020. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32678530.
42. https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/therapeutic-management/
43. https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#search/hopkins/FMfcgzGkXwNbWpTqkVVQrPGSKwMGgCQc
44. Liu X, Shaw R, Stuart A, et al. Safety and immunogenicity report from the Com-COV study- a single-blind randomized non-inferiority trial comparing heterologous homologous prime-boost schedules with an Adenoviral vectores and mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Lancet. 25 June 2021. Preprint. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3874014
45. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210114-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-single-vaccine-dose. Accessed 21 marzo 2021
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49. Baraniuk C. Covid-19: What do we know about Sputnik V and other Russian vaccines? BMJ 2021;372:n743 (publ 19 Marzo 2021).
50 https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021-03-31/sinopharm-sinovac-covid-19-vaccine-data-show-efficacy-who accessed 5 abril2021
51. Mallapaty S. WHO approval of Chinese China’s CoronaVac vaccine will be crucial to curbing pandemic. Nature. 2021. 595:162. https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-01497-8/d41586-021-01497-8.pdf
52. Turner J, O’Halloran J, Kalaidina E, et al. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce persistent human germinal centre responses. Nature. Preprint 28 June 2021. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03738-2
2. https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/population-by-region/ accessed 28 June 2021
3. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/sars-cov-2-transmission.html#anchor_1619805150492 accessed 28 june 2021
4. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/science-and-research/surface-transmission.html accessed 28 june 2021
5. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/11/briefing/outdoor-covid-transmission-cdc-number.html accessed 28 june 28
6. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant.html accessed 28 june 2021
7. Otto S, Day T, Arino J, et al. The origins and potential future of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in the evolving COVID-19 pandemic. Current Biology (2021), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.cub.2021.06.049.
8. Abu-Raddad, L.J., Chemaitelly, H., Butt, A.A., and the National Study Group for COVID-19 Vaccination. (2021). Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants. New Engl. J. Med. NEJMc2104974.
9. Gleason J, Ross W, Fossi A, et al. The devastating impact of COVID-19 on individuals with intellectual disabilities in the United States. NEJM Catalyst. March 5, 2021. https://catalyst.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/CAT.21.0051 accessed 29 june 2021.
10. Gleason J, et al, NEJM march 5,2021
11. Ng WH, Tipih T, Makoah NA, et al. Comorbidities in SARS-CoV-2 patients: a systemic review and meta-analysis. mBio 12:e03647-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.03647-20
12. Gleason J. et al, NEJM march 5,2021
13. Gleason J, et al, NEJM march 5,2021
14. Ng WH et al, mBio 12:e03647-20.
15. Wolfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, et al. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature. 2020; 581: 465-469
16. Dhont S, Derom E, Van Braeckel E, et al. The pathophysiology of ‘happy’ hipoxemia in COVID-19. Respir Res. 2020;21:198
17. Yu M, Liu Y, Xu D, et al. Prediction of the Development of pulmonary fibrosis using serial thin-section CT and clinical features in patients discharged after treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia. Korean J Radiol. 2020;21:746-755.
18. Klok FA, Kruip M, van der Meer N, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res. 2020;191:145-147
19. Obi A, Barnes G, Napolitano L, et al. Venous thrombosis epidemiology, pathophysiology, and anticoagulante therapies and trials in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021;9:23-35.
20. Obi A, Pannucci C, Nackashi A, et al. Validation of the Caprini venous thromboembolis risk assessment model in critically ill surgical patients. JAMA Surg. 2015;150:941-948
21. Burkhard-Koren N, Haberecker M, Maccio U, et al. Higher prevalence of Pulmonary macrothrombi in SARS-CoV-2 than in influenza A: autopsy results from ‘spanish flu’ 1918/1919 in Switzerland to Coronavirus disease 2019. J Pathol Clin Res. 2021; 7:135-143.
22. Leisman D, Ronner L, Pinotti R, et al. Cytokine elevation in severe and critical COVID-19; a rapid systematic review, meta-analysis, and comparison with other inflammatory syndromes. Lancet Respr Med. 2020; 8: 1233-1244.
23. Mazzoni A, Salvati L, Maggi L, et al. Impaired immune cell cytotoxicity in severe COVID-19 is IL-6 dependent. J Clin Invest. 2020; 130:4694-4703
24. Monneret G, Benlyamani I, Gossez M, et al. COVID-19: What type of cytokine storm are we dealing with?. J Med Virol. 2021;93:197198.
25. Kyriazopoulou E, Leventogiannis K, Norrby-Teglund A, et al. Macrophage activation- like syndrome: an immunological entity associated with rapid progression to death in sepsis. BMC Med. 2017;15:172.
26. Bao J, Li C,Zhang K, et al. Comparative analysis of laboratory indexes of severe and non-severe patients infected with COVID-19. Clin Chim Acta. 2020; 509:180-194.
27. Soraya G, Ulhaq Z. Crucial laboratory parameters in COVID-19 diagnosis and prognosis: an updated mata-analysis. Med Clin (Barc). 2020; 155:143-151.
28. Yelagandula, R., Bykov, A., Vogt, A. et al. Multiplexed detection of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infections in high throughput by SARSeq. Nat Commun 12, 3132 (2021).
29. Dinnes J, Deeks JJ, Berhane S, et al. Cochrane COVID-19 Diagnostic Test Accuracy Group. Rapid, point-of-care antigen and molecular-based tests for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD013705. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013705.pub2.
30. Nakano Y, Kurano M, Morita Y, et al. Time course of the sensitivity and specificity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies for symptomatic COVID-19 in Japan. Nature: Scientific Reports. 2021; 11:2776. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82428-5
31. https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/safety-communications/antibody-testing-not-currently-recommended-assess-immunity-after-covid-19-vaccination-fda-safety
32. https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/safety-communications/antibody-testing-not-currently-recommended-assess-immunity-after-covid-19-vaccination-fda-safety
33. https://www.rsna.org/news/2020/april/fleischner-statement-covid-19
34. https://www.rsna.org/news/2020/april/fleischner-statement-covid-19
35. Cleverley J, Piper J, Jones M. The role of chest radiography in confirming covid-19 pneumonia. MBJ 2020;370:m2426.
36. Fang Y, Zhang H,Xie J, et al. Sensitivity of chest CT for COVID-19: comparison toRT-PCR. Radiology. 2020 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200432
37. https://www.healio.com/news/cardiology/20210621/activ4b-trial-of-antithrombotic-therapy-in-covid19-ends-early-due-to-low-event-rates
38. https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/therapeutic-management/
39. Lopes R, Melo de Barros e Silva P, Furtado R, et al. Therapeutic versus prophylactic anticoagulación for patients dmitted to hospital with COVID-19 and an elevated D-dimer concentration (ACTION): an open-label, multicentre, randomized, controlled trial. Lancet 2021; 397:2253-63
40. https://www.fda.gov/media/145808/download
41. Recovery Collaborative Group, Horby P, Lim WS, et al. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 - preliminary report. N Engl J Med. 2020. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32678530.
42. https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/therapeutic-management/
43. https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#search/hopkins/FMfcgzGkXwNbWpTqkVVQrPGSKwMGgCQc
44. Liu X, Shaw R, Stuart A, et al. Safety and immunogenicity report from the Com-COV study- a single-blind randomized non-inferiority trial comparing heterologous homologous prime-boost schedules with an Adenoviral vectores and mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Lancet. 25 June 2021. Preprint. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3874014
45. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210114-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-single-vaccine-dose. Accessed 21 marzo 2021
46. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210114-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-single-vaccine-dose. Accessed 21 marzo 2021
47. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/03/astrazeneca-reports-powerful-covid-19-protection-new-vaccine-trial accessed 21 marzo 2021
48. https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/everything-we-know-about-johnson-johnsons-single-dose-covid-19-vaccine?gclid=Cj0KCQjwo-aCBhC-ARIsAAkNQitobAC7BN9PeVPAqOERXYKIWpCgR9fRAPdyhIUGQTj2Z54uYoDznTYaAgoJEALw_wcB accessed 21 marzo 2021
49. Baraniuk C. Covid-19: What do we know about Sputnik V and other Russian vaccines? BMJ 2021;372:n743 (publ 19 Marzo 2021).
50 https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021-03-31/sinopharm-sinovac-covid-19-vaccine-data-show-efficacy-who accessed 5 abril2021
51. Mallapaty S. WHO approval of Chinese China’s CoronaVac vaccine will be crucial to curbing pandemic. Nature. 2021. 595:162. https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-01497-8/d41586-021-01497-8.pdf
52. Turner J, O’Halloran J, Kalaidina E, et al. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce persistent human germinal centre responses. Nature. Preprint 28 June 2021. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03738-2
Published
2021-07-30
How to Cite
1.
Herrera D, Gaus D. COVID-19 clinical and management guide: update. PFR [Internet]. 2021Jul.30 [cited 2024Dec.30];6(2). Available from: https://practicafamiliarrural.org/index.php/pfr/article/view/208
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