Revisión rápida de la efectividad de los programas educativos de prevención del consumo de drogas en el ámbito escolar
Palabras clave:
programas de prevención, política pública de drogas, escuela.
Resumen
Introducción: El consumo de drogas en jóvenes escolarizados es un desafío global de salud pública, afectando la salud individual, el rendimiento académico y el desarrollo colectivo. Las escuelas son entornos clave para la prevención, pues ofrecen una plataforma para llegar a niños y adolescentes. Esta revisión rápida sintetiza la evidencia sobre la efectividad de programas educativos de prevención de drogas en escuelas, con el fin de fortalecer las estrategias preventivas en este ámbito. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión rápida de la evidencia publicada en Medline, Biblioteca Cochrane y Google Académico. Se incluyeron revisiones sistemáticas con o sin metanálisis publicados hasta 2025, que proporcionaban información sobre resultados de los programas educativos de prevención del consumo. Resultados: Se identificaron cinco revisiones sistemáticas y siete revisiones sistemáticas con metaanálisis. Los hallazgos evidencian que estos programas tienen efectos positivos, principalmente en el conocimiento y actitudes hacia las drogas, aunque el impacto sobre la reducción del consumo no resulta consistentemente significativo. Conclusiones: Los enfoques interactivos y centrados en el desarrollo de habilidades sociales se encontraron que son más efectivos, especialmente cuando se aplican durante la adolescencia temprana. La evidencia es heterogénea y su efecto directo en la disminución del consumo de sustancias continúa siendo limitado.
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Citas
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27. Onrust SA, Otten R, Lammers J, Smit F. School-based programmes to reduce and prevent substance use in different age groups: What works for whom? Systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016 Mar;44:45–59.
28. Griffin KW, Botvin GJ. Evidence-based interventions for preventing substance use disorders in adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2010 Jul;19(3):505–26.
29. Becoña E. Bases científicas de la prevención de las drogodependencias. Madrid: Plan Nacional sobre Drogas.; 2002.
30. Flynn AB, Falco M, Hocini S. Independent Evaluation of Middle School-Based Drug Prevention Curricula: A Systematic Review. JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Nov;169(11):1046–52.
31. Ridenour TA, Murray DW, Hinde J, Glasheen C, Wilkinson A, Rackers H, et al. Addressing Barriers to Primary Care Screening and Referral to Prevention for Youth Risky Health Behaviors: Evidence Regarding Potential Cost-Savings and Provider Concerns. Prev Sci. 2022 Feb;23(2):212–23.
32. Nora Volkow. NIDA. 2022. Invertir en la prevención es una decisión financiera sensata.
2. Espada J, Gonzálvez M, Orgilés M, Lloret D, Guillén-Riquelme A. Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of school substance abuse prevention programs in Spain. Psicothema. 2015 Feb 1;1(27):5–12.
3. UNODC. PUNTOS DE INTERÉS ESPECIALES DEL INFORME MUNDIAL SOBRE LAS DROGAS CORRESPONDIENTE A 2024 . In: UNODC, editor. Informe Mundial de Drogas 2024. Vienna; 2024.
4. Melendez‐Torres GJ, Tancred T, Fletcher A, Thomas J, Campbell R, Bonell C. Does integrated academic and health education prevent substance use?
5. MacArthur GJ, Harrison S, Caldwell DM, Hickman M, Campbell R. Peer‐led interventions to prevent tobacco, alcohol and/or drug use among young people aged 11–21 years: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Addiction. 2016 Mar 9;111(3):391–407.
6. Tremblay M, Baydala L, Khan M, Currie C, Morley K, Burkholder C, et al. Primary Substance Use Prevention Programs for Children and Youth: A Systematic Review. Pediatrics. 2020 Sep 1;146(3).
7. Tinner L, Palmer JC, Lloyd EC, Caldwell DM, MacArthur GJ, Dias K, et al. Individual-, family- and school-based interventions to prevent multiple risk behaviours relating to alcohol, tobacco and drug use in young people aged 8-25 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2022 Jun 3;22(1):1111.
8. Harris B, Shaw B, Lawson H, Sherman B. Barriers to Addressing Adolescent Substance Use: Perceptions of New York School‐Based Health Center Providers. Journal of School Health. 2016 Feb 13;86(2):96–104.
9. Jaycox LH, McCaffrey DF, Ocampo BW, Shelley GA, Blake SM, Peterson DJ, et al. Challenges in the Evaluation and Implementation of School-Based Prevention and Intervention Programs on Sensitive Topics. American Journal of Evaluation. 2006 Sep 1;27(3):320–36.
10. Dusenbury L. A review of research on fidelity of implementation: implications for drug abuse prevention in school settings. Health Educ Res. 2003 Apr 1;18(2):237–56.
11. NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS. Preventing Drug Abuse: What Do We Know? Dean R. Gerstein, Lawrence W. Green, editors. Vol. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press; 1993. 1–176 p.
12. Soole DW, Mazerolle L, Rombouts S. School-Based Drug Prevention Programs: A Review of What Works. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology. 2008 Aug 1;41(2):259–86.
13. Faggiano F, Minozzi S, Versino E, Buscemi D. Universal school-based prevention for illicit drug use. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 Dec 1;2017(8).
14. Lize SE, Iachini AL, Tang W, Tucker J, Seay KD, Clone S, et al. A Meta-analysis of the Effectiveness of Interactive Middle School Cannabis Prevention Programs. Prev Sci. 2017 Jan;18(1):50–60.
15. Cuijpers P. Peer-Led and Adult-Led School Drug Prevention: A Meta-Analytic Comparison. J Drug Educ. 2002 Jun 1;32(2):107–19.
16. Tobler NS, Stratton HH. Effectiveness of School-Based Drug Prevention Programs: A Meta-Analysis of the Research. J Prim Prev. 1997;18(1):71–128.
17. Burke MR. School-Based Substance Abuse Prevention: Political Finger Pointing Does Not Work. FEDERAL PROBATION . 2002 Sep;66:67–71.
18. Champion KE, Newton NC, Barrett EL, Teesson M. A systematic review of school‐based alcohol and other drug prevention programs facilitated by computers or the
19. Bangert-Drowns RL. The Effects of School-Based Substance Abuse Education — A Meta-Analysis. J Drug Educ. 1988 Sep 1;18(3):243–64.
20. Strøm HK, Adolfsen F, Fossum S, Kaiser S, Martinussen M. Effectiveness of school-based preventive interventions on adolescent alcohol use: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2014 Dec 13;9(1):48.
21. Wilson DB, Gottfredson DC, Najaka SS. School-Based Prevention of Problem Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis. J Quant Criminol. 2001;17(3):247–72.
22. Ennett ST, Ringwalt CL, Thorne J, Rohrbach LA, Vincus A, Simons-Rudolph A, et al. A Comparison of Current Practice in School-Based Substance Use Prevention Programs with Meta-Analysis Findings. Prevention Science. 2003;4(1):1–14.
23. Thomas RE, McLellan J, Perera R. Effectiveness of school-based smoking prevention curricula: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2015 Mar 10;5(3):e006976.
24. Flay BR. The promise of long-term effectiveness of school-based smoking prevention programs: a critical review of reviews. Tob Induc Dis. 2009;5(1):7.
25. UNODC. Normas Internacionales para la Prevención del Uso de Drogas . UNODC, OMS. UNODC; 2018.
26. Alarcó-Rosales R, Sánchez-SanSegundo M, Ferrer-Cascales R, Albaladejo-Blazquez N, Lordan O, Zaragoza-Martí A. Effects of a School-Based Intervention for Preventing Substance Use among Adolescents at Risk of Academic Failure: A Pilot Study of the Reasoning and Rehabilitation V2 Program. Healthcare (Basel). 2021 Nov 1;9(11).
27. Onrust SA, Otten R, Lammers J, Smit F. School-based programmes to reduce and prevent substance use in different age groups: What works for whom? Systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016 Mar;44:45–59.
28. Griffin KW, Botvin GJ. Evidence-based interventions for preventing substance use disorders in adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2010 Jul;19(3):505–26.
29. Becoña E. Bases científicas de la prevención de las drogodependencias. Madrid: Plan Nacional sobre Drogas.; 2002.
30. Flynn AB, Falco M, Hocini S. Independent Evaluation of Middle School-Based Drug Prevention Curricula: A Systematic Review. JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Nov;169(11):1046–52.
31. Ridenour TA, Murray DW, Hinde J, Glasheen C, Wilkinson A, Rackers H, et al. Addressing Barriers to Primary Care Screening and Referral to Prevention for Youth Risky Health Behaviors: Evidence Regarding Potential Cost-Savings and Provider Concerns. Prev Sci. 2022 Feb;23(2):212–23.
32. Nora Volkow. NIDA. 2022. Invertir en la prevención es una decisión financiera sensata.
Publicado
2025-08-01
Cómo citar
1.
Núñez-Vásquez C. Revisión rápida de la efectividad de los programas educativos de prevención del consumo de drogas en el ámbito escolar. PFR [Internet]. 1 de agosto de 2025 [citado 2 de agosto de 2025];10(2). Disponible en: https://practicafamiliarrural.org/index.php/pfr/article/view/372
Sección
Artículos de revisión
Derechos de autor 2025 Práctica Familiar Rural
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